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Module 3 Revision > Oral Biology > Flashcards

Oral Biology Flashcards

1
Q

In a specimen of mature human enamel with organic components visible, the enamel prism patterns can be visualised. What does the appearance of prisms indicate regarding the prismatic structure of enamel?

A

That the prisms run in different directions which gives enamel strength

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2
Q

What is the significance of hunter-Schreger bands?

A
  • They strengthen enamel and prevent cracks from occurring
  • they also optimise resistance to processes such as attrition or abrasion
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3
Q

What are the three potential origins of enamel lamellae?

A
  1. Damage ( e.g. mastication forces)
  2. Cracked from ground section processing
  3. Developmental defect
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4
Q

Do enamel tufts follow the direction of enamel prisms?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Are enamel spindles or tufts shorter?

A

Enamel spindles

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6
Q

In which part of the crown are enamel spindles best developed?

A

At the cusps

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7
Q

What is the relationship between enamel spindles and dentinal tubules?

A

Enamel spindles are short extensions of the dentinal tubules

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8
Q

What inorganic substance is enamel mostly made up of?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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9
Q

What percentage of hydroxyapatite makes up enamel by weight?

A

96%

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10
Q

What is the basic unit of enamel?

A

Enamel prisms

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11
Q

What are enamel prisms?

A

Repeated arrangements of hydroxyapatite crystals running from ADJ to outer junction

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12
Q

What is the shape of an enamel prism?

A

Complex ‘key hole’ shape

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13
Q

What two components comprise an enamel prism?

A
  1. Prism core
  2. Prism sheath
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14
Q

What component of enamel prisms has more tightly packed hydroxyapatite crystals?

A

Prism core

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15
Q

What component of enamel prisms has a micro-retentive surface where resin can lock into and mechanically bond?

A

Prism sheath

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16
Q

Hydroxyapatite crystals are less tightly packed in prism sheath compared to prism core. True or false?

A

True

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17
Q

Why do enamel prisms run an undulating course?

A

For strength. If enamel prims ran straight, there would be points of weakness and they would split easier.

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18
Q

What is the term used to describe enamel prisms appearing twisted around each other at the cusps?

A

Gnarled enamel

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19
Q

What structural component of enamel makes up the large majority of its thickness?

A

Enamel prisms

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20
Q

Better bonding to sub-surface enamel will result in less retention. True or false?

A

False. Better bonding to sub-surface enamel = better retention.

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21
Q

What substance may make acid etching more difficult and why?

A

Fluoride, as it strengthens the surface of the tooth.

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22
Q

What are the ‘Striae of Retzius’ also known as?

A

Incremental growth lines

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23
Q

What do incremental growth lines represent?

A

The different layers of enamel during crown formation

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24
Q

How would Striae of Retzius be visualised on virtual microscope?

A

As periodic dark lines through enamel

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25
Q

Why do striae of Retzius appear as dark lines?

A

The dark lines may represent occasional metabolic disturbances of mineralisation

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26
Q

What are the shallow furrows, where striae of Retzius reach the surface of enamel known as?

A

Perikymata

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27
Q

What feature on the tooth surface might wear away if abrasive toothpaste is used?

A

Perikymata

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28
Q

What are the ridges between Perikymata called?

A

Imbrication lines of pickerill

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29
Q

What feature of enamel is referred to as hypomineralised?

A

Enamel tufts

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30
Q

Enamel tufts form due to…?

A

Incorrect enamel formation

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31
Q

Define hypomineralised

A

Condition that affects enamel. Occurs due to a disturbance during tooth development.

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32
Q

How do early enamel caries present?

A

As white spot lesions

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33
Q

How do you initially treat white spot lesions?

A

Apply high dose/concentration of fluoride in the aim to arrest caries process

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34
Q

Where does demineralisation of enamel start and why?

A

It starts in the prism sheaths of enamel prisms. This is because easier diffusion of acid into prism sheaths as the hydroxyapatite crystals are not as tightly packed as in the prism core.

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35
Q

What are the four histological zones of enamel caries?

A
  1. Translucent zone
  2. Dark zone
  3. Body of lesion
  4. Surface zone
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36
Q

Which zone of enamel caries is the advancing front?

A

Translucent zone

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37
Q

Which zone of enamel caries is the most porous and therefore looses the most enamel in caries process?

A

Body of lesion

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38
Q

Why should you not probe a carious lesion?

A

It could break the thin surface zone layer into the body of the lesion. This may create a cavity.

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39
Q

How does arrested caries appear histologically?

A

As a wide, well-developed dark zone

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40
Q

What factors may favour caries arrest?

A
  • plaque control
  • use of flouride
  • altered diet
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41
Q

What are ground sections?

A

Cut hard tissues ( mineral present)

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42
Q

In a ground section, how would an area that is less mineralised ( hypomineralised) appear?

A

Dark

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43
Q

In a ground section, how will an area where light passes through easily appear in comparison to a hypomineralised area?

A

Lighter

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44
Q

In a ground section, areas that are more mineralised ( hypermineralised) will appear?

A

Light

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45
Q

What type of tissue is dentine?

A

Specialised connective tissue

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46
Q

What structural feature gives dentine strength?

A

Direction of collagen fibres that are parallel to ADJ

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47
Q

What cells produce dentine tubules?

A

Odontoblasts

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48
Q

What can be found within primary curvatures of dentinal tubules?

A

Secondary curvatures

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49
Q

What has more tubules per mm^2, surface or deep dentine?

A

Deep dentine (pre-dentine)

50
Q

Is dentine vital?

A

Yes

51
Q

Where are most of the nerves in dentine found?

A

At the pulp horns

52
Q

What are the three classifications of dentine?

A
  1. Developmental
  2. Primary, Secondary and tertiary
  3. Tubule
53
Q

What are the two types of developmental dentine?

A
  1. Mantle dentine
  2. Circumpulpal dentine
54
Q

What is the first formed dentine called and where is it found?

A

Mantle dentine, adjacent to enamel.

55
Q

What type of dentine lies between the enamel and pulp chamber?

A

Primary dentine

56
Q

What type of dentine is deposited in the pulp chamber after the formation of primary dentin is complete

A

Secondary dentine

57
Q

What type of dentine forms as a reaction to stimulus such as caries, wear and fractures?

A

Tertiary dentine

58
Q

What are the two types of tertiary dentine?

A
  • reactionary
  • reparative
59
Q

What type of tertiary dentine uses existing odontoblasts?

A

Reactionary

60
Q

Where would you find peri-tubular/ intra-tubular dentine? And is it mineralised or not?

A

Around the tubule, yes its mineralised.

61
Q

Where would you find inter-tubular dentine?

A

Between tubules

62
Q

What are line features of dentine?

A
  • incremental lines of von ebner
  • contour lines of Owen
63
Q

what are zone features of dentine?

A
  • interglobular dentine
  • granular layer of tomes
64
Q

What feature of dentin shows the position of odontoblast a at different times during development?

A

Incremental lines of von ebner

65
Q

What feature of dentine is a coincidence of secondary curvatures?

A

Contour lines of Owen

66
Q

What feature of dentine forms as a result of failure of calcospherites to fuse?

A

Interglobular dentine

67
Q

What is the layer on the subsurface toot of dentine that has a granular appearance?

A

Granular layer of tomes

68
Q

The process which blocks of dentinal tubules, in turn, slowing down the advance of caries, is known as?

A

Sclerosis

69
Q

What feature of dentine forms as a result of odontoblast overcrowding, causing odontoblast death?

A

Dead tracts

70
Q

what type of dentine has a fracture risk for extraction and why?

A

Translucent sclerotic dentine, because it is less flexible at the roots

71
Q

What are the three zones of a carious lesion?

A
  1. Advancing front
  2. Zone of bacterial penetration
  3. Zone of destruction
72
Q

What occurs at the advancing front of carious lesion?

A

Acid damage

73
Q

What occurs at zone of bacterial penetration of a carious lesion?

A

Bacterial invasion

74
Q

What occurs at the zone of destruction of carious lesions?

A

Breakdown of organic matrix

75
Q

What are the principle periodontal ligament fibres?

A
  • transeptal fibres
  • bundles of circumferential fibres
76
Q

In between teeth, what three cells are found in the crestal bone?

A

Osteoclasts in their lacunae
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

77
Q

Which cell is trapped in the organic matrix of bone?

A

Osteocytes in their lacunae

78
Q

What cell associated with bone is considered alive?

A

Osteocytes in their lacunae

79
Q

what bone associated cell deal with new bone resorption?

A

Osteoblasts

80
Q

What bone associated cell deals with aged bone resorption?

A

Osteoclasts

81
Q

What is the purpose of osteoclasts?

A

They eliminate weakened or damaged bone tissue

82
Q

What area of the tooth cementum is the thickest?

A

Apical cementum

83
Q

What areas of the tooth cementum are the thinnest?

A

Cervical and inter-radicular cementum

84
Q

Which is laid down the quickest? Cellular or acellular cementum.

A

Cellular

85
Q

The porous nature of what bone is utilised in infiltration and intraligamentary LA?

A

The porous nature of the buccal bone

86
Q

What direction to the cannaliculi in cementum point and why?

A

They point towards the PDL for nutrition

87
Q

what is hyper-cementosis?

A

Excessive deposition of cementum

88
Q

What are the three types of mucosa found in the oral cavity?

A
  • masticatory mucosa
  • lining mucosa
  • specialised mucosa
89
Q

What do all epithelial cells contain?

A

Filaments and desmosomes

90
Q

What are the four layers (from superficial to deep) of non-keratinised lining mucosa?

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • submucosa
  • bone/muscle
91
Q

What glands are found in lining submucosa?

A

Salivary glands

92
Q

What are the four epithelial layers of non-keratinised lining mucosa? ( from superficial to deep)

A
  • superficial layer
  • intermediate layer
  • prickle cell layer
  • basal cell layer
93
Q

What is another term for non-keratinocyte?

A

Clear cells

94
Q

In what layer are clear cells normally found?

A

Basal layer:
- basal clear cells
- supra-basal clear cells

95
Q

What are the four layers (from superficial to deep) of keratinised masticatory mucosa?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
periosteum
Bone

96
Q

What are the four epithelial layers of keratinised masticatory mucosa? ( from superficial to deep)

A

Keratinised
Granular
Prickle cell
Basal cell

97
Q

What do ‘clear cells’ lack?

A

Filaments and desmosomes

98
Q

What two types of clear cells only exist in the basal cell layer?

A

Merkle cells and melanocytes

99
Q

What two types of clear cells exist in the supra-basal layer?

A

Inflammatory cells and langerhan’s cells

100
Q

what are the three layers of specialised mucosa? ( superficial to deep)

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscle

101
Q

What are the four epithelial papillae found in specialised mucosa?

A
  • circumvallate
  • foliate
  • filiform
  • fungiform
102
Q

What are serous glands of von ebner?

A

Accessory minor salivary glands

103
Q

What type of mucosa is flexible and slightly permeable?

A

Lining mucosa

104
Q

What type of mucosa is inflexible and impermeable?

A

Masticatory mucosa

105
Q

What lining material has a potential therapeutic effect on the pulp and why?

A

Dycal, as it may stimulate tertiary dentine formation

106
Q

What four cells are contained in the pulp?

A
  • odontoblasts
  • fibroblasts
  • stem cells
  • defence cells
107
Q

How far do the odontoblast processes extend into dentine?

A

1/3 of the way

108
Q

Where does the blood supply of the pulp terminate?

A

In the rich sub-odontoblastic capillary plexus

109
Q

How does pulpal death occur?

A

Due to stasis of blood in vessels as a result of competing pressures in the capillary beds within the tissues

110
Q

What types of nerve supply does the pulp have?

A

Mainly sensory (afferent), also efferent ( post-ganglionic sympathetic)

111
Q

What is the predominant type of nerve fibre in te pulp?

A

Unmyelinated C fibres

112
Q

What pulpal zone is the plexus of Raschkow classically in?

A

The cell free zone

113
Q

What is the negative impact of pulp stones?

A

Can causes issues when trying to access pulp with instruments

114
Q

What is the pulpal response to formation of reactionary tertiary dentine?

A

-TGF beta is released from carious/demineralised tissue
- increase in odontoblast dentine formation

115
Q

What is the pulpal response to exposure?

A
  • Ca(OH)2 and MTA cement induces a dentine bridge
116
Q

What is a dentine bridge?

A

A new reaction tissue that preserves pulp vitality and protects it from abnormal and continuous physical stimuli

117
Q

What type of epithelium is found in oral mucosa?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

118
Q

What cell is predominant in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

119
Q

What is the rare condition characterised by slowly progressive overgrowth of the gingiva?

A

Hereditary gingival firbomatosis

120
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

121
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen and lymph nodes/nodules

122
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Module 3 Revision (20 decks)

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