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Module 3 Revision > Anatomy: Brain And Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Anatomy: Brain And Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components that make up the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

The ridges on the surface of the brain are known as?

A

Gyrus’

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3
Q

The crevices in the brain are known as?

A

Sulci

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4
Q

What structures make up the midbrain?

A
  • cerebellum
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
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5
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

-frontal
-temporal
-occipital
-parietal

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6
Q

What lobe of the brain does the visual cortex sit within?

A

Occipital

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7
Q

What part of the midbrain controls fine motor movements?

A

Cerebellum

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8
Q

What does the medulla oblongata regulate?

A
  • breathing
  • heart and blood vessel function
  • digestion
  • sneezing
  • swallowing
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9
Q

What does the pons control?

A

-breathing
- communications between different parts of the brain
- sensations like hearing, taste and balance

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10
Q

What part of the brain controls motor movement (particularly in the eyes and associated with hearing, taste and balance)

A

Midbrain

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11
Q

What is the relationship between the pons and the trigeminal nerve?

A

CN V is the only cranial nerve that arises directly from the pons

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12
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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13
Q

How are cranial nerves numbered?

A

From anterior to posterior and from lateral to medial

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14
Q

Name CN I

A

Olfactory nerve

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15
Q

Name CN II

A

Optic nerve

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16
Q

Name CN III

A

Occulomotor nerve

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17
Q

Name CN IV

A

Trochlear nerve

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18
Q

Name CN V

A

Trigeminal nerve

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19
Q

Name CN VI

A

Abducens nerve

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20
Q

Name CN VII

A

Facial nerve

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21
Q

Name CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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22
Q

Name CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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23
Q

Name CN X

A

Vagus nerve

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24
Q

Name CN XI

A

Spinal accessory nerve

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25
Q

Name CN XII

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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26
Q

What is the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord known as?

A

The meninges

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27
Q

How many layers comprise the meninges?

A

Three

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28
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the meninges called?

A

Dura mater

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29
Q

How many layers of dura mater are there?

A

Two

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30
Q

What are the two layers of dura mater called?

A
  • periosteal
    -meningeal
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31
Q

What does the periosteal layer of dura mater attach to?

A

The skull

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32
Q

What does the meningeal layer of dura mater attach to?

A

Contacts middle membrane layer ( arachnoid mater)

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33
Q

There is a point in the cranial cavity where the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater split off, forming what channel?

A

Dural venous sinuses

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34
Q

What is the middle layer of the meninges called?

A

Arachnoid mater

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35
Q

What is the purpose of the arachnoid mater?

A

Contains arachnoid granules which reabsorb cerebral spinal fluid

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36
Q

what is the cerebral spinal fluid filled space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater called?

A

Subarachnoid space

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37
Q

What is the deepest layer of the meninges called?

A

Pia mater

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38
Q

What is the purpose of the pia mater?

A

It coats the brain and blood vessels/nerves that enter/ leave the brain

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39
Q

What layer of the meninges follows the contours of the brain?

A

Pia mater

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40
Q

What artery sits between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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41
Q

What are the two important features of the meningeal layer of dura mater?

A
  • falx cerebri
  • tentorium cerebelli
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42
Q

The layer of dura between the cerebral hemispheres is known as?

A

Falx cerebri

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43
Q

The layer of dura found between the cerebral hemispheres (above) and the cerebellum (below) is known as?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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44
Q

What artery do the right and left vertebral arteries join together to form?

A

Basilar artery

45
Q

What is beneficial about the circle of Willis system?

A

Contains lots of arteries that supply the brain. If there is a blockage in one of these arteries, the rest of the arterial supply may be able to account for that blockage.

46
Q

What is the pneumonic used to remember the arteries within the circle of Willis?

A

Very
Big
Plants
Create
Important
Mindful
Atmospheres
Always

47
Q

What are the arteries contained within the circle of Willis?

A

Vertebral arteries
Basilar artery
Posterior cerebral arteries
Communicating arteries
Internal carotid artery (right)
Middle cerebral artery (left)
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery

48
Q

What structure does the pituitary gland sit within?

A

Cavernous sinus

49
Q

What vein do dural venous sinuses aim to drain blood back to?

A

Right internal jugular vein

50
Q

What are the three main sinuses of the falx cerebri region?

A

Inferior sagittal sinus
Superior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus

51
Q

Where do the falx cerebri sinuses drain into?

A

The confluence of sinuses

52
Q

What landmark of the skull is the confluence of sinuses located at?

A

Internal occipital protuberance

53
Q

What are the two sinuses called that make up the confluence of sinuses?

A
  • right transverse sinus
  • right sigmoid sinus
54
Q

Which sinus is prior to and drains into the right internal jugular vein?

A

Right sigmoid sinus

55
Q

What sinus extends from the cavernous sinus and drains into the sigmoid sinus?

A

Superior petrosal sinus

56
Q

What veins are responsible for returning blood back to cerebral sinuses?

A

Cerebral veins

57
Q

What fluid occupies the ventricular system of the brain?

A

Cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF)

58
Q

How many ventricles are there in the ventricular system of the brain?

59
Q

What are ventricles 1 and 2 referred to as?

A

Lateral ventricles

60
Q

Where do the lateral ventricles drain?

A

3rd ventricle

61
Q

Where does the 3rd ventricle sit?

A

Inferior to ventricles 1 and 2

62
Q

What is the 4th ventricle continuous with?

A

The subarachnoid space

63
Q

Where does the 4th ventricle sit within the brain?

A

Anterior to the cerebellum

64
Q

What structure lines ventricles and produces cerebro-spinal fluid?

A

Choroid plexus

65
Q

What recycles cerebro-spinal fluid into dural venous sinuses?

A

Arachnoid granulations

66
Q

What are the different types of nerve modalities?

A
  • somatic sensory
  • somatic motor
  • special sensory
  • parasympathetic
  • mixed
  • visceral sensory (afferent)
67
Q

What nerve modality does CN I have and why?

A

Special sensory ( sense of smell)

68
Q

What nerve modality does CN II have and why?

A

Special sensory (sense of sight)

69
Q

What type of nerve modality does CN III have and why?

A

Mixed
- somatic motor ( control of eye movement)
- parasympathetic ( control of eye muscle that causes constriction of pupil)

70
Q

What nerve modality does CN IV have and why?

A

Somatic motor ( movement of eye muscles)

71
Q

What type of nerve modality does CN V have and why?

A

Mixed
-Somatic motor (muscles of mastication)
- somatic sensory ( innervation of face)

72
Q

What type of nerve modality does CN VI have and why?

A

Somatic motor (nerve supply to lateral rectus muscle of the eye)

73
Q

what type of nerve modality does CN VII have and why?

A

Mixed
- somatic motor (muscles of facial expression)
- somatic sensory (innervates skin over the ear)
- special sensory (tongue)
- parasympathetic (sublingual + submandibular glands)

74
Q

What type of nerve modality does CN VIII have and why?

A

Special sensory ( hearing and balance)

75
Q

What type of nerve modality does CN IX have and why?

A

Mixed
- somatic motor (movement of pharynx)
- somatic sensory (posterior tongue)
- special sensory (taste)
- parasympathetic (parotid gland)

76
Q

What nerve modality does CN X have and why?

A

Mixed
- somatic motor (palate)
- somatic sensory (skin over ear)
- special sensory (taste)
- parasympathetic

77
Q

What type of nerve modality does CN XI have and why?

A

Somatic motor ( movement of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid)

78
Q

What type of nerve modality does CN XII have and why?

A

Somatic motor ( muscles that control tongue)

79
Q

Where do olfactory nerves pass through in the cranial cavity?

A

Cribiform plate

80
Q

What are the two structures that make up the olfactory nerve?

A

Olfactory bulb and tract

81
Q

What canal in the cranial cavity does the optic nerve pass through?

A

Optic canal

82
Q

The structure where the two optic nerves cross over one another is known as?

A

Optic chiasma

83
Q

Which cranial nerve is the only one to emerge from the posterior aspect of the midbrain?

A

CN IV (trochlear)

84
Q

At which junction would CN VI be sat in the brain?

A

Sits at the junction between the pons and medulla oblongata

85
Q

How many parts make up the trigeminal nerve?

86
Q

What are the three parts?

A

V1/a
V2/b
V3/c

87
Q

What is V1/a of the trigeminal nerve called?

A

Ophthalmic nerve

88
Q

What is V2/b of the trigeminal nerve called?

A

Maxillary nerve

89
Q

What is V3/c of the trigeminal nerve called?

A

Mandibular nerve

90
Q

What cranial nerve is the only one to emerge directly from the pons?

A

CN V ( trigeminal )

91
Q

What parts of the trigeminal nerve are sensory?

A

V1/a and V2/b

92
Q

What nerve modality does V3/c have?

A

Mixed
Sensory to skin of most of lower face
Motor to muscles of mastication etc.

93
Q

Where does the separate motor root join with sensory part of V3/c?

A

At foramen ovale

94
Q

How many divisions make up the cranial fossae and what are their names?

A

Three- anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae

95
Q

What cranial nerve passes through structures in the anterior cranial fossae?

A

CN I ( olfactory nerve)

96
Q

What cranial nerves pass through structures in the middle cranial fossae?

A

CN II ( optic nerve)
CN III ( oculomotor nerve)
CN IV ( trochlear nerve)
CN V (v1,2,3) ( trigeminal nerve)
CN VI ( abducens nerve)

97
Q

What cranial nerves pass through structures in the posterior cranial fossae?

A

CN VII ( facial)
CN VIII ( vestibulocochlear)
CN IX ( Glossopharyngeal)
CN X ( vagus)
CN XI ( spinal accessory)
CN XII ( hypoglossal)

98
Q

Which cranial fossae is most important to know about inn dentistry?

A

Middle cranial fossae

99
Q

Where the the sensory fibres from Va,Vb and Vc join together?

A

Trigeminal sensory ganglion

100
Q

Where does the V3 motor root lie beneath and where does it pass through?

A

Beneath the trigeminal sensory ganglion and through the foramen ovale

101
Q

How does V1/a enter/exit middle cranial fossa?

A

Through superior orbital fissure

102
Q

How does V2/b enter/exit middle cranial fossa?

A

Through foramen rotundum

103
Q

How does V3/c enter/exit middle cranial fossa?

A

Through foramen ovale

104
Q

The middle meningeal artery passes through which foramen?

A

Foramen spinosum

105
Q

In which fossa does the cavernous sinus sit?

A

Middle cranial fossa

106
Q

What is the sheet of dura mater that forms the roof of the pituitary fossa known as?

A

Diaphragm sellae

107
Q

What structure is inferior to the diaphragm sellae?

A

Pituitary gland

108
Q

What cranial nerves pass through the cavernous sinus?

A

CN III ( oculomotor)
CN IV ( trochlear)
CN Va ( ophthalmic)
CN Vb ( maxillary)

Module 3 Revision (20 decks)

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