Anatomy: The Neck Flashcards
Name all skin layers in order from most superficial to deep
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Superficial fascia
- Deep fascia
What fascia is made up of adipose connective tissue?
Superficial fascia
What fascia is made up of fibrous connective tissue?
Deep fascia
What four structures does superficial fascia contain?
- Sensory nerves
- Platysma muscle
- Superficial veins
- Lymphatics
Where do deep fascial tubes run between and connect?
The superior mediastinum to the base of the skull
Which fascia helps to prevent spread of infection from one compartment to another?
Deep fascia
What nerve modality does the cervical plexus have?
Sensory nerves
Where do sensory nerves of the cervical plexus innervate?
Skin, shoulders and corner of the face
The anterior rami of which cervical spinal nerves is associated with the cervical plexus?
C2, C3 & C4
What sensory nerve/s is associated with the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerve C2?
- great auricular nerve
-transverse cervical nerve
-lesser occipital nerve
What sensory nerve/s is associated with anterior rami of cervical spinal nerve C3?
- Great auricular nerve
- transverse cervical nerve
- supraclavicular nerve
What sensory nerve is associated with anterior rami of cervical spinal nerve C4?
Supraclavicular nerve
Where the cervical plexus goes deep, posterior to the middle of strenocleidomastoid muscle’s posterior border. This is known as…
The nerve point of the neck
What nerve innervates the platysma?
CN VII (facial nerve)
Innervates all muscles of facial expression
What specific branch of the facial nerve innervates the platysma?
Cervical branch
What are the superficial jugular veins of the neck?
- external jugular veins
- anterior jugular veins
- Superficial jugular communicating veins
What does the pneumonic stand for:
Running
Fast
Can
Alleviate
Stress
In
Some
Exhausted
People
Important superficial and deep veins of neck:
Retro mandibular
Facial
Common facial
Anterior jugular
Superficial jugular communicating
Internal jugular
Subclavian
External jugular
Posterior auricular
What are the two important deep veins of the neck?
- internal jugular
- subclavian
What are the three layers of deep fascia called?
- Investing
- Prevertebral
- Pretracheal
What structures are contained within the investing layer of deep fascia?
-trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
What layer of deep fascia forms a protective capsule for the submandibular and parotid glands?
Investing layer
What is the outer layer of deep fascia called?
Investing layer
What is the middle layer of deep fascia called?
Prevertebral layer
What is the innermost layer of deep fascia called?
Pretracheal fascia
What layer of deep fascia includes the carotid sheaths?
Prevertebral layer
What structures does the prevertebral layer of deep fascia enclose?
- postural muscles
- cervical vertebrae
What deep fascia layer has a visceral and muscular part?
Pretracheal layer
What is contained with the visceral part of the pretracheal layer?
- thyroid gland
-trachea
-oesophagus
What is contained within the muscular part of the pretracheal layer of deep fascia?
‘Strap’ muscles
What structure runs the full length of the neck?
Carotid sheaths
What structure connects the superior mediastinum to the jugular foraminae and carotid canals in the base of the skull?
Carotid sheaths
What major vessels and nerves do the carotid sheaths contain?
- internal jugular veins
- carotid arteries
- vagus nerve (CN X)
- deep cervical chain of lymphatics
Where is the retropharyngeal space found?
Between pretracheal and prevertebral layers of deep fascia
Where is the buccal pharyngeal fascia found?
Continuation of inferior petracheal fascia
What structure divides the neck into two major triangles: posterior and anterior.
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
What muscles border the posterior neck triangle?
Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
What structure runs through the posterior neck triangle?
The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
What does CN XI supply?
The trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
What are the four subdivisions of the anterior neck triangle?
- submandibular triangle
- submental triangle
- muscular triangle
- carotid triangle
What is the area above the hyoid bone called in the anterior neck triangle?
Suprahyoid triangle
What is the area below the hyoid bone called in the anterior neck triangle?
Infrahyoid triangle
What foramen does CN XI enter the cranial cavity through?
Foramen magnum
What foramen does CN XI exit the cranial cavity through?
Jugular foramen
How would you clinically test CN XI?
Trapezius muscle: ask patient to shrug shoulders against resistance
SCM muscle: ask patient to turn head to look down towards the opposite side
What structures border the anterior neck triangle?
The right/left mandible and sternocleidomastoid muscle
What triangles are contained within the suprahyoid neck triangle?
- submental triangle
-submandibular triangle
What muscles are contained in both the submandibular and submental neck triangles?
Mylohyoid muscle
Anterior belly of digastric muscle
What structures does the submental neck triangle contain?
- anterior jugular vein
- submental lymph nodes
What structures are contained in the submandibular neck triangle?
-submandibular gland
-facial artery
-facial vein
- submandibular lymph nodes
- hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
What are the triangles within the infrahyoid neck triangle?
Carotid triangle
Muscular triangle
What structures are contained within the carotid sheaths in the carotid triangles?
-internal jugular vein
-common carotid artery
- internal carotid artery
- vagus nerve (CN X)
- deep cervical lymph nodes
What structure is within the muscular triangle?
Strap muscles
What nerve modality does the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) have? And what does it supply?
Motor supply
To striated muscles of the tongue
What fibres are associated with Ansa cervicalis?
C1, C2, C3 motor fibres
What does ansa cervicalis supply?
Strap muscles except thyrohyoid
What supplies thyrhyoid strap muscle?
C1
What are the four strap muscles?
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Thryohyoid
Sternothyroid
What muscle sits between the hyoid bone and the shoulder?
Omohyoid
What muscle sits between the hyoid bone and sternum?
Sternohyoid
What muscle sits between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage?
Thyrohyoid
What muscle sits between the sternum and thyroid cartilage?
Sternothyroid
What pneumonic should you use to remember the veins of the head and neck?
Some
Elephants
Prefer
Pizza
Really
Soft
Many
Fear
It
Always
Collapses
What are the veins of the head and neck ( from the clavicle upwards) ?
Subclavian vein
External jugular vein
Posterior auricular vein
Posterior division of RMV
Retro mandibular vein
Superficial temporal vein
Maxillary vein
Facial vein
Internal jugular vein
Anterior division of RMV
Common facial vein
What veins make up the posterior division of the RMV
Posterior auricular vein and external jugular vein
What veins make up the anterior division of the RMV?
Common facial vein and internal jugular vein
What vein does the superficial temporal vein join to form the retro mandibular vein?
Maxillary vein
What drains from the superficial temporal vein?
Venous blood from temporal region of scalp
Why is the retro mandibular vein termed as unusual?
It branches. This is uncommon with veins.
What two veins give rise to the external jugular vein?
The posterior division of RMV and posterior auricular vein
What vein does external jugular drain into?
Subclavian vein
What two veins give rise to the common facial vein?
The facial vein and anterior division of RMV
What are the two main dural venous sinuses in the head?
Cavernous sinus and intra-cranial dural venous sinuses
Via what structures does the facial vein drain to the cavernous sinus?
Ophthalmic veins
What may infection spread from the superficial veins in the ‘danger triangle’ of the face result in?
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
What two veins join to form the brachiocephalic vein?
Subclavian vein and internal jugular vein
Where do the subclavian, internal jugular and brachiocephalic veins sit in relation to nearby arteries?
Anterior
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain to?
Right venous angle, between right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein
Where does the thoracic duct drain to?
Left venous angle, between the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein
What veins branch off the superior vena cava and ascend upwards?
Right and left brachiocephalic veins
What vessels are contained within the carotid sheaths?
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Infection of the cardiac valves is termed?
Endocarditis
Define bacteraemia
Bacteria in the bloodstream
Where does the tricuspid valve sit within the heart?
Between right atrium and right ventricle
Where does the semilunar valve sit within the heart?
Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Explain in steps how an infection of dental origin can result in heart failure
- Infection gains access and travels through bloodstream
- Enters heart superior vena cava
- Reaches susceptible heart valve
- Causes bacterial endocarditis
- Leads to heart murmur
- Subsequent heart failure
