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Pharmacology II-Final > Pharmacology 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes mellitus?

A

is a disorder of metabolism that invloves glucose use.
it is a chronic condition in which the body cannot properly use glucose as energy and it accumulates in the blood

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2
Q

what happens when blood glucose level rises?

A

after a meal, beta cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin.

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3
Q

What is insulin?

A

is a hormone that is essential for the regulation of carbohydrates, fat and protein metabolism

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4
Q

What does insulin do?

A

binds to receptors on the cell membrane which stimulates the docking of intracellular glucose transporters that carry glucose out of the bloodstream and into cells where it is needed.

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5
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

release insulin and glucagon in response to rise and fall of blood glucose, amino acids and gut-derived hormone levels.

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6
Q

when glucose levels drop what happens?

A

glucagon is secreted which stimulates the release of the stored energy

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7
Q

4 types of diabetes?

A

-type 1 diabetes
-type 2 diabetes
-gestational diabetes all of which produce elevated blood glucose levels

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8
Q

Prediabetes cause what?

A

imparied fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
Prediabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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9
Q

Type 1 diabetes?

A

autoimmune disease
the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
those with this type of all persons with diabetes have type 1.

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10
Q

Type 2 diabetes?

A

is the most common
In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas initially produces sufficient amounts of insulin, but the body is unable to use the insulin effectively.
This condiition is called insulin resistance.

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11
Q

Risk factors of type 2 diabetes?

A

-obesity
-lack of physical activity
-family history of diabetes
-prior gestational diabetes
-increasing age

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12
Q

Gestational diabetes?

A

Typically occurs late in pregnancy
Pregnant women are routinely tested for gestational diabetes
-type of diabetes may be caused by the hormones of pregnancy or by a shortage of insulin
-symptoms often disappear after delivery

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13
Q

Diagnostic tests?

A

The hemoglobin A1c test is the principal method used to diagnose diabetes

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14
Q

Fasting blood glucose test ?

A

blood glucose level of greater than or equal to 7mmol/liter or more after an 8-hour fast

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15
Q

oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?

A

blood glucose level of greater than or equal to 1 mmol/liter 2 hours after drinking a beverage containing 75g of glucose dissolved in water

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16
Q

Random blood glucose?

A

blood glucose level of greater than or equal to 11 mmol/liter, along with the presence of diabetes symtoms

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17
Q

Hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c)

A

is the only test that provides information about blood glucose levels over 2-3 month period.

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18
Q

Risk factors for diabetes mellitus?

A

non-modifiable (age greater than or equal to 40 years, family history of diabetes) , modifiable (obesity, physical inactivity and smoking), disease (HT, angina, MI, stroke, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, schizophrenia, polycycstic ovary syndrome)

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19
Q

drugs that can alter blood glucose levels?

A

Alcohol, aspirin, decongestants

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20
Q

Diabetes complications?

A

if diabetes is untreated or poorly controlled
causes microvacular damage whihc includes retinopathy, nephropathy, diabetes neuropathy (which cause numbness in the lower limbs)
Macrovascular damage can lead to HT, angina, MI and hyperlipidemia

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21
Q

what happens to the type 1 diabetics who are untreated or porrly treated?

A

may develop ketoacidosis

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22
Q

what is ketoacidosis?

A

body breaks down fats to obtain its energy needs
Ketones are a byproduct of liquid metabolism and their accumulation can lead to coma and death.
Hypo and hyperglycemia may occur depending on the patient’s diabetes control or medications

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23
Q

Blood glucose monitoring?

A

Blood glucose monitoring enables individuals with diabetes to take control of their disease by adjusting their level of diet, excercise and insulin.
minimize the risk of diabetic complications

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24
Q

what does insulin do?

A

it helps the body metabolize carbohydrates, fats, proteins from the diet
administered parenterally. all insulins are injected subcutaneously except regular insulin which may be given by IV route
-formulated in rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting form

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25
when do you inject rapid-acting insulin?
5-15 minutes before eating or even after a meal
26
what happens when mixing insulin?
when mixing insulin that if one is cloudy, it gets drawn up second.
27
what two drugs should not be mixed together in the syringe with any other form of insulin?
Lantus and Levemir
28
Insulin aspart brand name?
Nocorapid
29
Insulin lispro brand name?
Humalog
30
Insulin regular brand name?
Humulin R
31
Insulin NPH or isophane brand name?
Humulin N
32
Insulin detemir brand name?
Levemir
33
Insulin glargine brand name?
Lantus
34
Sulfonylureas is effective only for what?
treatment of type 2 diabetes
35
MOA of sulfonylureas?
stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells Glyburide and Gliclazide have a hightest risk for hypoglycemia and Glimperide has the lowest risk
36
Sulfonylureas drugs?
Glyburide Gliclazide
37
Glyburide brand name?
Diabeta
38
Gliclazide brand name?
Diamicron
39
what drug is biguanides?
Metformin
40
MOA of Biguanides?
effective in producing glycemic control without producing hypoglycemia. first-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
41
does metformin cause weight gain?
no it does not good choice for obese patients with type 2 diabetes
42
what does Metformin improves?
glucose tolerance and insulin resistance by increasing peripheral glucose uptake into skeletal muscles and adipose tissue it increases glucose transport across cell membranes
43
common side effect of metformin?
gastrointestinal adverse reactions taking with food helps produce lactic acidosis, a rare but potentially fetal condition (monitor renal function and anion gap)
44
Metformin brand name?
Glucophage
45
MOA of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
prolong the digestion of carbohydrates and delay their absorption in the small intestine. they reduce peak plasma glucose levels they do not promote insulin secretion nor cause hypoglycemia they are not used as monotherapy these drugs are inhibitors of alpha-glucosidases which are enzymes that creak down carbohydrates, they must be taken with the first bite of each meal.
45
MOA of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
prolong the digestion of carbohydrates and delay their absorption in the small intestine. they reduce peak plasma glucose levels they do not promote insulin secretion nor cause hypoglycemia they are not used as monotherapy
46
when does apha-glucosidase inhibitors must be taken? and why?
which are enzymes that break down carbohydrates, they must be taken with the first bite of each meal it is important to wat a diet rich in complex carbohydrates while taking this class of drugs.
47
what drug is alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
Acarbose
48
Acarbose brand name?
Glucobay
49
when are meglitinides effective?
only effectiv in people who have functioning beta cells.
50
MOA of meglitinides?
they lower postprandial blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
51
when should meglitinides be taken?
only with meals to avoid hypoglycemia their short half-life account for the muliple daily dosing required
52
what drug is meglitinides?
Repaglinide
53
Repaglinide brand name?
Gluconorm
54
what are thiazolidinediones?
insulin sensitizers they are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes they treat insulin resistance
55
MOA of thiazolidinediones?
increase tisssue sensitivity to insulin they do not increase insulin secretion so they do not produce hypoglycemia when used as monotherapy
56
drugs of thiazolidinediones?
Pioglitazone Rosiglitazone
57
side effects of thiazolidinediones?
linked to pioglitazone and rosigliazone are heart failure, heart attack and liver failure
58
Pioglitazone brand name?
Actos
59
Rosiglitazone brand name?
Avandia
60
what is dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors used for?
treatment of type 2 diabetes
61
MOA of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors?
increase insulin release and decrease glucagon levels by potentiating the activity of peptide hormones released in response to eating a meal also increase beta cell responiveness to glucose in the islets of langerhans. -these peptide hormones are key agents in glucose homeostasis
62
Drugs of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors?
saxagliptin sitagliptin linagliptin
63
how are dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors eliminated?
Sitagliptin and saxagliptin are primarily eliminated in the urine so dosage adjustments may be reqiured in those with kidney disease
64
Saxagliptin brand name?
Onglyza
65
Sitagliptin brand name?
Januvia
66
Linagliptin brand name?
Trajenta
67
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors used to treat?
treat type 2 diabetes
68
MOA of Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors?
**blocking the transporter proteins that are responsible for reabsorbing glucose** increase urinary elimination of glucose, thereby reducing plasma glucose -they may be prescribed as monotherapy or in conbination with other antidiabetic agents for adults with type 2 diabetes that are not well controlled
69
when do Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors work best in?
best in patients who have normal kidney function
70
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors drugs?
Canagliflozin empagliflozin
71
Canaglifozin brand name?
Invokana
72
empagliflozin brand name?
Jardiance
73
what is exenatide approved for?
monotherapy or in combination
74
what is liraglutide is not approved for?
monotherapy
75
when should glucagon-like peptide recetor agonists be adminsitered?
given as adjuncts to diet and excercise and may only be administered for type 2 diabetes
76
MOA of glucagon-like peptide recetor agonists?
they stimulate GLP-1 receptor in the pancreatic alpha and beta cells.
77
what do beta cell stimulate?
mediates insulin secretion when glucose levels are elevated delay gastric emptying, slowing the rise of postprandial blood glucose levels and causing decreased appetite.
78
what do alpha cells stimulate?
suppresses glucagon release.
79
dietary supplement of diabetes?
Alpha-lipoic acid Magnesium Omega-3 fatty acids Garlic
80
what are the three primary mechanism of action for antifungal agents?
-by destroying the fungus's cell membrane -interference with the synthesis of nucleic acids needed for replication -inhibiting the synthesis of the fungal cell wall
81
what are imidazoles and triazoles used for?
treatment of cutaneous skin fungal infections and systemic infections.
82
what OTC drugs are imidazoles and triazoles?
Clotrimazole and miconazole Butoconazole, ketoconazole, tioconazole
83
terconazole brand name?
Terazol
84
Voriconazole brand name?
Vfend
85
Minconazole brand name?
Micatin derm, monistat derm
86
MOA of allylamine antifungals?
effective for treating fungal infections invloving the nails inhibit the synthesis of the cell membrane of susceptible fungi by blocking an enzyme needed for the synthesis of ergosterol
87
what is nystatin suspension commonly used for?
Thrush
88
Polyene class drugs?
Nystatin Amphotericin B Natamycin
89
What is amphotericin B used for?
systemic infections caused by various fungi, including candidiasis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis
90
what is Natamycin used for?
used to treat fungal infections in the eye
91
MOA of polyene?
inhibit the synthesis of the fungal cell membrane by binding irreversibly to ergosterol
92
Amphotericin B brand name?
Fungizone
93
Nystatin brand name?
Nilstat and Nyaderm
94
Tolnaftate brand name?
Tinactin
95
MOA of thiocarbamates?
approved for the treatment and prevention of althelte's foot and treatment of ringwarm and jock itch available without prescription
96
Echinocandins drugs?
Micafungin Anidulafungin
97
what are echinocandins treating?
infections caused by candida and aspergillus
98
MOA of echinocandins?
interfere with the synthesis of the fungal cell wall these drugs are formulated for parenteral use since oral absorption is poor
99
Micafungin brand name?
Mycamine
100
Anidulafungin brand name?
Eraxis
101
Ciclopriox brand name?
Loprox, penlac
102
Undercylenic acid brand name?
Desenex / fungicure liquid
103
what is povidone-iodine used to treat?
treat thrush and used as an antiseptic wash

Pharmacology II-Final (14 decks)

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