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Pharmacology II-Final > Pharmacology 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes mellitus?

A

is a disorder of metabolism that invloves glucose use.
it is a chronic condition in which the body cannot properly use glucose as energy and it accumulates in the blood

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2
Q

what happens when blood glucose level rises?

A

after a meal, beta cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin.

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3
Q

What is insulin?

A

is a hormone that is essential for the regulation of carbohydrates, fat and protein metabolism

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4
Q

What does insulin do?

A

binds to receptors on the cell membrane which stimulates the docking of intracellular glucose transporters that carry glucose out of the bloodstream and into cells where it is needed.

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5
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

release insulin and glucagon in response to rise and fall of blood glucose, amino acids and gut-derived hormone levels.

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6
Q

when glucose levels drop what happens?

A

glucagon is secreted which stimulates the release of the stored energy

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7
Q

4 types of diabetes?

A

-type 1 diabetes
-type 2 diabetes
-gestational diabetes all of which produce elevated blood glucose levels

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8
Q

Prediabetes cause what?

A

imparied fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
Prediabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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9
Q

Type 1 diabetes?

A

autoimmune disease
the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
those with this type of all persons with diabetes have type 1.

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10
Q

Type 2 diabetes?

A

is the most common
In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas initially produces sufficient amounts of insulin, but the body is unable to use the insulin effectively.
This condiition is called insulin resistance.

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11
Q

Risk factors of type 2 diabetes?

A

-obesity
-lack of physical activity
-family history of diabetes
-prior gestational diabetes
-increasing age

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12
Q

Gestational diabetes?

A

Typically occurs late in pregnancy
Pregnant women are routinely tested for gestational diabetes
-type of diabetes may be caused by the hormones of pregnancy or by a shortage of insulin
-symptoms often disappear after delivery

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13
Q

Diagnostic tests?

A

The hemoglobin A1c test is the principal method used to diagnose diabetes

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14
Q

Fasting blood glucose test ?

A

blood glucose level of greater than or equal to 7mmol/liter or more after an 8-hour fast

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15
Q

oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?

A

blood glucose level of greater than or equal to 1 mmol/liter 2 hours after drinking a beverage containing 75g of glucose dissolved in water

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16
Q

Random blood glucose?

A

blood glucose level of greater than or equal to 11 mmol/liter, along with the presence of diabetes symtoms

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17
Q

Hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c)

A

is the only test that provides information about blood glucose levels over 2-3 month period.

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18
Q

Risk factors for diabetes mellitus?

A

non-modifiable (age greater than or equal to 40 years, family history of diabetes) , modifiable (obesity, physical inactivity and smoking), disease (HT, angina, MI, stroke, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, schizophrenia, polycycstic ovary syndrome)

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19
Q

drugs that can alter blood glucose levels?

A

Alcohol, aspirin, decongestants

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20
Q

Diabetes complications?

A

if diabetes is untreated or poorly controlled
causes microvacular damage whihc includes retinopathy, nephropathy, diabetes neuropathy (which cause numbness in the lower limbs)
Macrovascular damage can lead to HT, angina, MI and hyperlipidemia

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21
Q

what happens to the type 1 diabetics who are untreated or porrly treated?

A

may develop ketoacidosis

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22
Q

what is ketoacidosis?

A

body breaks down fats to obtain its energy needs
Ketones are a byproduct of liquid metabolism and their accumulation can lead to coma and death.
Hypo and hyperglycemia may occur depending on the patient’s diabetes control or medications

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23
Q

Blood glucose monitoring?

A

Blood glucose monitoring enables individuals with diabetes to take control of their disease by adjusting their level of diet, excercise and insulin.
minimize the risk of diabetic complications

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24
Q

what does insulin do?

A

it helps the body metabolize carbohydrates, fats, proteins from the diet
administered parenterally. all insulins are injected subcutaneously except regular insulin which may be given by IV route
-formulated in rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting form

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25
Q

when do you inject rapid-acting insulin?

A

5-15 minutes before eating or even after a meal

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26
Q

what happens when mixing insulin?

A

when mixing insulin that if one is cloudy, it gets drawn up second.

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27
Q

what two drugs should not be mixed together in the syringe with any other form of insulin?

A

Lantus and Levemir

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28
Q

Insulin aspart brand name?

A

Nocorapid

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29
Q

Insulin lispro brand name?

A

Humalog

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30
Q

Insulin regular brand name?

A

Humulin R

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31
Q

Insulin NPH or isophane brand name?

A

Humulin N

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32
Q

Insulin detemir brand name?

A

Levemir

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33
Q

Insulin glargine brand name?

A

Lantus

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34
Q

Sulfonylureas is effective only for what?

A

treatment of type 2 diabetes

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35
Q

MOA of sulfonylureas?

A

stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells
Glyburide and Gliclazide have a hightest risk for hypoglycemia and Glimperide has the lowest risk

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36
Q

Sulfonylureas drugs?

A

Glyburide
Gliclazide

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37
Q

Glyburide brand name?

A

Diabeta

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38
Q

Gliclazide brand name?

A

Diamicron

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39
Q

what drug is biguanides?

A

Metformin

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40
Q

MOA of Biguanides?

A

effective in producing glycemic control without producing hypoglycemia.
first-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

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41
Q

does metformin cause weight gain?

A

no it does not
good choice for obese patients with type 2 diabetes

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42
Q

what does Metformin improves?

A

glucose tolerance and insulin resistance by increasing peripheral glucose uptake into skeletal muscles and adipose tissue
it increases glucose transport across cell membranes

43
Q

common side effect of metformin?

A

gastrointestinal adverse reactions
taking with food helps
produce lactic acidosis, a rare but potentially fetal condition (monitor renal function and anion gap)

44
Q

Metformin brand name?

A

Glucophage

45
Q

MOA of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

prolong the digestion of carbohydrates and delay their absorption in the small intestine.
they reduce peak plasma glucose levels
they do not promote insulin secretion nor cause hypoglycemia
they are not used as monotherapy

these drugs are inhibitors of alpha-glucosidases which are enzymes that creak down carbohydrates, they must be taken with the first bite of each meal.

45
Q

MOA of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

prolong the digestion of carbohydrates and delay their absorption in the small intestine.
they reduce peak plasma glucose levels
they do not promote insulin secretion nor cause hypoglycemia
they are not used as monotherapy

46
Q

when does apha-glucosidase inhibitors must be taken? and why?

A

which are enzymes that break down carbohydrates, they must be taken with the first bite of each meal
it is important to wat a diet rich in complex carbohydrates while taking this class of drugs.

47
Q

what drug is alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

Acarbose

48
Q

Acarbose brand name?

A

Glucobay

49
Q

when are meglitinides effective?

A

only effectiv in people who have functioning beta cells.

50
Q

MOA of meglitinides?

A

they lower postprandial blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells

51
Q

when should meglitinides be taken?

A

only with meals to avoid hypoglycemia
their short half-life account for the muliple daily dosing required

52
Q

what drug is meglitinides?

A

Repaglinide

53
Q

Repaglinide brand name?

A

Gluconorm

54
Q

what are thiazolidinediones?

A

insulin sensitizers
they are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes
they treat insulin resistance

55
Q

MOA of thiazolidinediones?

A

increase tisssue sensitivity to insulin
they do not increase insulin secretion so they do not produce hypoglycemia when used as monotherapy

56
Q

drugs of thiazolidinediones?

A

Pioglitazone
Rosiglitazone

57
Q

side effects of thiazolidinediones?

A

linked to pioglitazone and rosigliazone are heart failure, heart attack and liver failure

58
Q

Pioglitazone brand name?

A

Actos

59
Q

Rosiglitazone brand name?

A

Avandia

60
Q

what is dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors used for?

A

treatment of type 2 diabetes

61
Q

MOA of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors?

A

increase insulin release and decrease glucagon levels by potentiating the activity of peptide hormones released in response to eating a meal
also increase beta cell responiveness to glucose in the islets of langerhans.
-these peptide hormones are key agents in glucose homeostasis

62
Q

Drugs of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors?

A

saxagliptin
sitagliptin
linagliptin

63
Q

how are dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors eliminated?

A

Sitagliptin and saxagliptin are primarily eliminated in the urine
so dosage adjustments may be reqiured in those with kidney disease

64
Q

Saxagliptin brand name?

A

Onglyza

65
Q

Sitagliptin brand name?

A

Januvia

66
Q

Linagliptin brand name?

A

Trajenta

67
Q

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors used to treat?

A

treat type 2 diabetes

68
Q

MOA of Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors?

A

blocking the transporter proteins that are responsible for reabsorbing glucose

increase urinary elimination of glucose, thereby reducing plasma glucose
-they may be prescribed as monotherapy or in conbination with other antidiabetic agents for adults with type 2 diabetes that are not well controlled

69
Q

when do Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors work best in?

A

best in patients who have normal kidney function

70
Q

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors drugs?

A

Canagliflozin
empagliflozin

71
Q

Canaglifozin brand name?

A

Invokana

72
Q

empagliflozin brand name?

A

Jardiance

73
Q

what is exenatide approved for?

A

monotherapy or in combination

74
Q

what is liraglutide is not approved for?

A

monotherapy

75
Q

when should glucagon-like peptide recetor agonists be adminsitered?

A

given as adjuncts to diet and excercise and may only be administered for type 2 diabetes

76
Q

MOA of glucagon-like peptide recetor agonists?

A

they stimulate GLP-1 receptor in the pancreatic alpha and beta cells.

77
Q

what do beta cell stimulate?

A

mediates insulin secretion when glucose levels are elevated

delay gastric emptying, slowing the rise of postprandial blood glucose levels and causing decreased appetite.

78
Q

what do alpha cells stimulate?

A

suppresses glucagon release.

79
Q

dietary supplement of diabetes?

A

Alpha-lipoic acid
Magnesium
Omega-3 fatty acids
Garlic

80
Q

what are the three primary mechanism of action for antifungal agents?

A

-by destroying the fungus’s cell membrane
-interference with the synthesis of nucleic acids needed for replication
-inhibiting the synthesis of the fungal cell wall

81
Q

what are imidazoles and triazoles used for?

A

treatment of cutaneous skin fungal infections and systemic infections.

82
Q

what OTC drugs are imidazoles and triazoles?

A

Clotrimazole and miconazole
Butoconazole, ketoconazole, tioconazole

83
Q

terconazole brand name?

A

Terazol

84
Q

Voriconazole brand name?

A

Vfend

85
Q

Minconazole brand name?

A

Micatin derm, monistat derm

86
Q

MOA of allylamine antifungals?

A

effective for treating fungal infections invloving the nails

inhibit the synthesis of the cell membrane of susceptible fungi by blocking an enzyme needed for the synthesis of ergosterol

87
Q

what is nystatin suspension commonly used for?

A

Thrush

88
Q

Polyene class drugs?

A

Nystatin
Amphotericin B
Natamycin

89
Q

What is amphotericin B used for?

A

systemic infections caused by various fungi, including candidiasis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis

90
Q

what is Natamycin used for?

A

used to treat fungal infections in the eye

91
Q

MOA of polyene?

A

inhibit the synthesis of the fungal cell membrane by binding irreversibly to ergosterol

92
Q

Amphotericin B brand name?

A

Fungizone

93
Q

Nystatin brand name?

A

Nilstat and Nyaderm

94
Q

Tolnaftate brand name?

A

Tinactin

95
Q

MOA of thiocarbamates?

A

approved for the treatment and prevention of althelte’s foot and treatment of ringwarm and jock itch
available without prescription

96
Q

Echinocandins drugs?

A

Micafungin
Anidulafungin

97
Q

what are echinocandins treating?

A

infections caused by candida and aspergillus

98
Q

MOA of echinocandins?

A

interfere with the synthesis of the fungal cell wall
these drugs are formulated for parenteral use since oral absorption is poor

99
Q

Micafungin brand name?

A

Mycamine

100
Q

Anidulafungin brand name?

A

Eraxis

101
Q

Ciclopriox brand name?

A

Loprox, penlac

102
Q

Undercylenic acid brand name?

A

Desenex / fungicure liquid

103
Q

what is povidone-iodine used to treat?

A

treat thrush and used as an antiseptic wash

Pharmacology II-Final (14 decks)

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