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Pharmacology II-Final > Pharmacology 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Conditions that produce pain?

A

Inflmmation, low back pain, burns, diabetic neuropathy, phantom limb, shingles, trigeminal neuralgia

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2
Q

what is trigeminal neuralgia?

A

produces headache and intense stabbing pain in areas of the face innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve

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3
Q

how does pain signal transmission work?

A

Pain message begins with stimulation of nociceptors in peripheral tissue
The signal converted to an electrical impulse travels to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where it is augmented or diminished by the release of neurotransmitters, amino acids and neuropeptides and then carried to the brain for interpretation

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4
Q

what is released when injury occurs?

A

proteins (cytokines) are released that produce painful inflammation

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5
Q

what is an important mediators of pain?

A

prostaglandins are synthesized

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6
Q

what is released in response to tissue injury and are part of immune system response?

A

histamine, bradykinin, serotonin

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7
Q

What do histamine, bradykinin and serotonin produce?

A

inflammation, vasodilation and pain

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8
Q

What does Glutamate do?

A

is an amino acid neurotransmitter that enhances the response to painful stimuli

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9
Q

what peptides are invloved in the modulation of pain sensations that are transmitted to the brain and control how pain is perceived

A

substance P and neurokinin A

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10
Q

what opioid peptides bind to opioid receptors and the brain and spinal cord and block or dull the pain sensations by inhibiting the release of substance P and glutamate?

A

Endorphine, enkephalines and dynorphins

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11
Q

What peptides act like natural painkillers?

A

Endorphins, enkephalins and dynorphins

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12
Q

What are opioids?

A

used to describe a drug that acts like morphine, whether naturally occurring or synthetically derived

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13
Q

Opiates are naturally occurring substances that are derived from?

A

Opium poppy

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14
Q

what does opiates and opioid produce?

A

analgesia that reduce pain sensations and alter pain perception

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15
Q

Opioid agonists drugs? what are they used to treat?

A

Methadone and Buprenorphine
treat opioid dependence

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16
Q

Opioid antagonists drugs? what do they treat?

A

Naltrexone
used to treat drug and alcohol

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17
Q

MOA of opioids?

A

bind to opioid receptor located in the dorsal route of the spinal cord to decrease painful sensations and raise the pain threshold.

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18
Q

how long shoudl fentanyl patches be worn?

A

72 hours

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19
Q

what are opioid antagonists indicated for?

A

respiratory depression caused by opioid use.

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20
Q

drug of choice in opioid antagonists?

A

Naltrexone

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21
Q

what is a warning label of Naltrexone?

A

May cause drowsiness, may impair ability to drive and avoid alcohol

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22
Q

Naloxone brane name?

A

Generics

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23
Q

Naltrexone brand name?

A

Revia

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24
Q

When can buprenorphrine be prescribed ?

A

treatment of opioid dependency

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25
when can naltrexone and naloxone be prescribed?
withdrawl symptoms in patients who are opioid dependent
26
Opioid agonsts drugs?
Codeine, codeine and acetaminophen, Fentanyl, Hydromorphone, Meperidine, Methadone, Morphrine, Oxycodone, Oxycodone and acetaminophen
27
Hydromorphone brand name?
Dilaudid
28
Meperidine brand name?
Demerol
29
Morphine brand name?
M-Eslon, MS IR, MS Contin
30
Mixed agonists/antagonists drugs?
Buprenorphine, buprenorphine and naloxone, pentazocine
31
Pentazocaine brane name?
Talwin
32
Buprenorphine brand name?
Butrans
33
Nonopioid analgesics consists of what?
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, salicylates and acetaminophen
34
what does NSAIDs aspirin have?
analgesics, anti-inflmmatoey and antipyretic properties
35
adverse effects of NSAIDs and aspirin?
produce nausea, GI bleeding, and ulceration
36
Dicofenac brand name?
Voltaren
37
Drugs used in the treatment of neuropathic pain?
antidepressants, antiseizure drugs, local anesthetics and capsaicin
38
what is the first-line treatment for neuropathic pain?
tricyclic antidepressants
39
capsaicin is devired from?
chili peppers
40
how does capsaicin work?
applied topically and it depletes substance P from nerve terminals. Indicated for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and shingles
41
Desipramine brand name?
Norpramin
42
Gabapentin brand name?
Neurontin
43
Pregabalin brand name?
Lyrica
44
Non pharm treatment for pain?
education, physical therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, acupuncture, cytotherapy
45
Types of headache?
Migraine, tension-type, cluster and trigeminal cephalgia
46
Treatment of Migraines?
-simple analgesics -Combination analgesics -Serotonin (5-HT) agonists -ergot alkaloids -antidepressants -beta blockers -antiseizure
47
Triptans MOA?
Selective serotonin recetor agonists which stimulate vasoconstriction
48
what is the dose for triptans to prevent over use?
2 doses per 24 hours
49
Almostriptan brand name?
Axert
50
Naratriptan brand name?
Amerge
51
Riszatriptan brand name?
Maxalt
52
Sumatriptan brand name?
Lmitrex
53
Zolmitriptan brand name?
Zomig
54
what are other medications for migraines?
ergot alkaloids and 5-HT agonists
55
Dihydroergotamine mesylate brand name?
D.H.E
56
Migranal brand name?
nasal
57
Ergotamine tartrate brand name?
Egomar
58
what does a antibiotics do?
is a naturally ocurring substance produced by a micoorganism or a semisynthetic substance devired from a microorganism that is capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of another microorganism
59
what factors effect treatment of bacterial infections?
host factors, bacterial factors and drug factors
60
Mechanisms of antimicrobial action?
-inhibition of bacterial cell wasll synthesis -inhibition of bacterial cell wall function -inhibition of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid synthesis -inhibition of folic acid
61
what is microbial resistance?
is the ability of bacteria to overcome the bactericidal effects of an antibiotic microbes spread rapidly, mutate frequently and adapt with relative ease to new environments and hosts
62
causes of development and spread of microbial resistance?
-inappropriate prescribing -failure to complete the full course of therapy -administration of antibacterial agents for viral infections -antibiotics in the food chain -lack of huidelines for preventing the spread of infections
63
what are aminoglycosides used for?
ttreating serious infections of the bone, adsomen, heart, brain, urinary tract, reproductive system, skin and kidneys administered to sterilize the bowel prior to bowel surgery Ophthalmic dosage forms are also prescribed for the treatment of blepharitis and conjunctivities
64
MOA of aminoglycosides?
inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
65
Adverse effects of aminoglycosides?
hearing loss and kidney damage
66
Aminoglycosides drugs?
Amikacin, Gentamicin, tobramycin
67
Gentamicin brand name?
Garamycin
68
Tobramycin brand name?
Tobrex
69
First-generation cephalosporins are?
effective against gram-positive aerobic bacteria. they are effective in the treatment of staphylococcal and streptococcal infections of the skin and soft tissue
70
Second-generation cephalosporins are?
against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and are effective for treating upper respiratory infections
71
Third-generation cephalosporins are?
efective against gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and used for treating bacterial meningitis, gonorrhea, intra-abdominla infections
72
Fourth- gen caphalosporins are?
given to treat pneumonia and urinary tract infections
73
MOA of cephalosporins?
inhibit the thirs and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis
74
first-generation drugs?
Cefazolin, cephalexin
75
second-gen cephalosporins?
Cefaclor, cefuroxime
76
third-gen cephalosporins?
cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefriazone, cefixime
77
Fouth-gen cephalosporins?
cefepime
78
Fluoroquinolones are indicated for?
urinary tract infections, sinusitis, secually transmitted infections, bacterial conjuntivities, infectious diarrhea
79
MOA fluoroquinolones?
inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis
80
Why are fluoroqunolones contrindicated?
in childrena dn pregnacy women becuase of the risk for cartiage deformitis
81
Fluoroquinolones drugs?
Ciproflozacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin
82
Ciproflozacin brand name?
Cipro
83
Levofloxacin brand name?
Levaquin
84
Moxifloxacin brand name?
Avelox,Vigamox
85
Ofloxacin brand name?
Ocuflox
86
what is macrolides used for?
treatment of upper respiratory infections Clarithromycin is keyingredient in treatment regimens for peptic ulcer disease caused by Helicobacter Pylori Erythromycin is used in prevention of neonatal eye infections and acne
87
MOA of macrolides?
inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
88
Macrolides may decrease what?
effectiveness of oral contraceptives
89
Azithromycin brand name?
Zithromax
90
Clarithromycin brand name?
Biaxin
91
Erythromycin base brand name?
ERYC
92
Oxazolidiones is used in the treatment of what?
gram-positive bacterial pneumonia and skin structure infections. use is limited due to adverse reactions and to limit the development of bacterial resistance
93
MOA oxazolidinones?
inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
94
Linezolid brand name?
Zyvoxam
95
MOA of penicilins?
inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall of sensitive microbes
96
MOA of carbapenems?
inhibit the thirs step in bacterial cell wall synthesis Their spectrum is broad and they resist inactivation by microbial enzymes
97
Shouls penicillin be taken on an empty stomach?
yes
98
do penicillin affect oral contraceptives?
yes they decrease effectiveness
99
Amoxicillin brand name?
Amoxil
100
amoxicillin + clavulinic brand name?
Clavulin
101
Piperacillin + tazobactam brand name?
tazocin
102
Carbapenems drugs?
imipenem + cilastatin Meropenem
103
Meorpenem brand name?
Merrem
104
Sulfonamides are used for?
treatment of various upper respiratory, urinary tract, skin infections and AIDS pneumonia
105
What are sulfonamides?
antifolate drugs
106
what warning label should be on sulfonamides?
take with lots of water avoid taking drug with acidic foods or beverages because it can promote crystalluria
107
Sulfamethoxazole+ trimethoprim brand name?
Septra/Bactrim/ Sulfatrim
108
Tetracyclines is used for what?
treatment of acne, STI
109
MOA of tetracyclines?
inhibit protein synthesis
110
Tetracycline interacts with?
dairy products, calcium, aluminum, and ferrous supplements to form a chelated complex reduces absorption of tetracycline
111
what aux label should be on tetracyclines?
avoid antacids and dairy products within 2 hours of dose avoid tanning and prolonged exposure to sunlight
112
Docycycline and minocycline are more stable when?
acidic stomach content and have longer duration of action
113
what happens when tetracycline become outdated?
toxic and should be dicarded
114
Doxycycline brand name?
Vibramycin
115
Minocycline brand name?
Minocin
116
when are tetracycline interacted?
pregnancy and decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives
117
whAT IS ISONIAZID used for?
used for the treatment of tuberculosis concurrent administration of vitamin b6 recommended to prevent neurotoxicity
118
Metronidazole is what? MOA
a amebicide it destroys the protoxoa that causes giardiasis and trichomoniasis.
119
what is teh drug of choice for treatment of clostridium difficile enteritis?
Metronidazole
120
what should patients do when taking metronidazole?
avoid alcoholic beverages or medicines containing high level of alcohol
121
What is mupirocin used for?
treat staphylococcal infections of the skin
122
what is clindamycin?
is a antimicrobial agent used topically for the treatment of acne and vaginosis. associated with the development of C.difficile which causes diarrhea (drinking water can reduce this risk)
123
Metronidazole brand name?
Flagyl
124
Mupirocin brand name?
Bactroban
125
Clindamycin brand name?
Dalacin C
126
Vancomycin brand name?
Vancocin

Pharmacology II-Final (14 decks)

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