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Pharmacology II-Final > pharmacology 1 > Flashcards

pharmacology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors for cancer?

A

Age, tobacco, ionizing radiation and sunlight. Excess esposure to sun’s UV radiation
Exposure to UV light from sunlamps and tanning booths also increases cancer risk.
Haxardous chemicals and environmental pollutant
Bacterial and viral infection (Helicobacter pylori)-stomach cancer
hormone therapy
Family history
alcohol
diet, phydical inactivity and obesity (colon, uterus and prostate cancer)

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2
Q

risk factors for breast cancer?

A

family history, no pregnacy, early onset of menses, advanced age, dense breast tissue, history of HRT, excess alcohol intake

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3
Q

what is cervix, endometrium and ovaries cancer linked to?

A

HPV and exposure to the drug DES while the fetus is still in the uterus

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4
Q

2 categories of skin cancer?

A

Melanoma and nonmelanoma

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5
Q

what is the most treatable form of skin cancer?

A

nonmelanoma

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6
Q

what is the second most common form of cancer?

A

lung cancer

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7
Q

what are the two types of lung cancer?

A

small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.

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8
Q

what can be done to detect colorectal cancer?

A

Colonoscopy and a fecal occult blood test

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9
Q

What is the treatment for cancer?

A

-chemotherapy (drugs to kill or slow growth of cancerous cells)
-biologic therapy (immune system modulators to boost the body’s natural defense against cancerous cells)
-Radiation therapy (high-energy radition to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors)
-surgery

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10
Q

what is stem cell transplantation?

A

procedure used to replace cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into many different cell types

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11
Q

factors that influence the selection of treatment?

A

-type of cancer
-stage of cancer
-individual tolerance for adverse effects
-patients age
-histological and nuclear grade of the tumor
-capacity of the cancer to metastasize

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12
Q

What is the treatment of SERM?

A

indicated for the treatment of ER-positive breast cancer that is noninvasive or invasive (matastatic), approved for metastic breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

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13
Q

what is Tamoifen?

A

SERM drug for breast cancer
estrogen antagonist

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14
Q

MOA of SERM?

A

when it occupies the ERs in breast cells, it blocks the effects of estrogen. It has an active metabolite and long half-life and can be given once or twice daily.

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15
Q

Contradindicators of Tamoxifen?

A

should not be taken during pregnancy

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16
Q

important interactions between tamoxifen and what drug?

A

warfarin because it may cause hemorrhage

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17
Q

Tamoxifen brand name?

A

Nolvadex-D

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18
Q

MOA of Aromatase inhibitors?

A

is an enzyme responsible for converting androgens produced by the adrenal gland (which is the primary source of estrogen after menopause) into estrogen estrone and estradiol in the peripheral tissues. Aromatase inhibitors block this process

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19
Q

Aromatase inhibitors are the first line treatment of what?

A

advanced or matastic ER-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women and as an adjuvant for early-stage breast cancer

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20
Q

Adminstration of exemestane reqiures?

A

adrenal hormone replacement therapy to replenish depleted glucocorticosids (cortisol) and alsosterone

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21
Q

Anastrozole brand name?

A

Arimidex

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22
Q

Exemestane brand name?

A

Aromasin

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23
Q

Letrozole brand name?

A

Femara

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24
Q

Estrogen recetor antagonists indicated for?

A

treatment of ER-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with disease progression following antiestrogen therapy

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25
Q

MOA of Downregulators(Estrogen receptor antagonists?

A

when the drug binds to ERs, it inhibits estrogen activity, causes changes in ER function, and triggers ER degradation. It is given IM and plasma concentration stays therapeutic for up to 1 month.

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26
Q

Fluvestrant brand name?

A

Faslodex

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27
Q

MOA of Taxanes?

A

interfere with the process of mitosis.

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28
Q

Paclitaxel is devired from?

A

Western yew tree

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29
Q

Docetaxel is derived from?

A

European yew tree

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30
Q

Taxanes are used in the treatment of?

A

Breast cancer

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31
Q

Paclitaxel brand name?

A

Taxol

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32
Q

Docetaxel brand name?

A

Taxotere

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33
Q

MOA of Microtubule inhibitors?

A

interfere with cell mitosis

34
Q

What is Microtubule inhibitors used for?

A

treatment of metastatic breast cancer

35
Q

What drug is Microtubule inhibitors?

A

Estramustine

36
Q

What is monoclonal antibodies used for?

A

treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer

37
Q

Treastuzumab brand name?

A

Herceptin

38
Q

Gonadotropin-releaing hormone agonists and Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonsits are used for?

A

advanced breast cancer in premenopausal and perimenopausal women with ER-positive disease.

39
Q

Gonadotropin-releaing hormone agonists and Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonsits MOA?

A

They initially increase hormone levels which is then follow by desensitization to the hormone’s effects

40
Q

Goserelin brand name?

A

Zoladex

41
Q

What is Estramustine?

A

is a microtubule inhibitors and is an antimicrotubule agent that has antigonadotropic effects. It is used for the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

42
Q

Estramustine brand name?

A

Emcyt

43
Q

what is antimetabolites treatment used for?

A

various cancers and also indicated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

44
Q

The main 2 drug in antimetbolies catagory?

A

Methotrexate (MTX) and Mercaptopurine

45
Q

MOA of Antimtabolites?

A

inhibit normal DNA synthesis by forming abnormal nucleic acid base pairs, resulting in abnormal DNA.
work best against rapidly dividing cancerous cells

46
Q

why is taking folic acid supplements good and bad thing with antimetabolites?

A

MTX has a very similar structure to vitamin flic acid and inhibits folate metabolism.
Patients are given folic acid supplement along with this drug when being treated for rheumatoid arthritis
not great in people getting treated for cancer because it may reduce its effectiveness by interfering with its antifolate action -which is essential to the formation of the purines.

47
Q

what can MTX also cause?

A

depletion of thymidine and DNA nucleoside so DNA synthesis creases and cell dies

48
Q

What is a warning that should be put on MTX?

A

avoid aspirin, acetaminophen and NSAIDs because it decreases MTX clearnace and causes toxicity

49
Q

Methotrexate brand name?

A

Metoject and gererics

50
Q

Mercaptopurine brand name?

A

Purinethol

51
Q

MOA of Platinum compounds?

A

act on purine bases (adrenine and guanine) which results in the formation offaulty cross-linkages and defective DNA

52
Q

Fluoropyrimidines indicated treatment?

A

several cancers

53
Q

MOA of Fluoropyrimidines?

A

inihibit the enzyme responsible for making thymadine, inhibit RNA formulation and cause mismatched DNA base pairs

54
Q

Fluoropyrimidines drugs?

A

Fluorouracil and Cytarabine and Gemcitabine

55
Q

Gemcitabine brand name?

A

Gemzar

56
Q

Topoisomerase inhibitors are indicated for?

A

colorectal and various other cancers

57
Q

MOA of Topisomerase inhibitors?

A

are enxymes that cleave DNA strands, a step needed for DNA replication and RNA transcription

58
Q

Etoposide brand name?

A

Vepesid

59
Q

Progestins are indicated for the treatment of what?

A

breast, endometrium and prostate cancer

60
Q

Progestins drugs?

A

Megestrol acetate, Medroxyprogesterone

61
Q

Megestrol brand name?

A

Megace

62
Q

Medroxyprogesterone brand name?

A

Generics

63
Q

what is alkylating agents related to?

A

nitrogen mustard

64
Q

Alkylating agents are one of the..

A

oldest classes of antineoplastic agents

65
Q

What drug under alkylating agents is used for the treatment of breast cancer in canada?

A

Cyclophosphamide

66
Q

MOA of alkylating agents?

A

damage DNA and impair DNA replication and the growth phase of the cell life cycle.
They are toxic to cancer cells and noncancerous cells

67
Q

Alkylating agents drugs?

A

Cyclophosphamide and Melphalan

68
Q

Cyclophosphamide brand name?

A

Procytox

69
Q

Melphalan brand name?

A

Alkeran

70
Q

MOA of Anthracyclines?

A

damage cellular DNA and inhibit the DNA and RNA encymes that promote protein synthesis.
This impairs DNA replication and the growth pahse of the cell life cycle.
secondary mechansim for cellular destruction they inhibit the activity of the enxyme topoisomerase.

71
Q

Drugs in the catagory Anthracyclines?

A

Doxorubicin, Doxorubicin liposomal, mitoxantrone

72
Q

Doxorubicin brand name?

A

Adriamycin PFS

73
Q

Doxorubicin liposomal brand name?

A

Caelyx

74
Q

Vinc alkaloids is derived from?

A

periwinkle plant

75
Q

MOA of vinca alkaloids?

A

act on microtubules to inhibit mitosis. Vinca alkaloids inhibit microtubule formation (taxanes inhibit microtubule degradation)

76
Q

Drug to know in the catgory of vinca alkaloids?

A

Vinbastine and vincristine

77
Q

Antineoplastic agents used in the treatment of cancers?

A

Bleomycin, Dantinomycin and Mitomycin

78
Q

Mitomycin is used for?

A

gastric and pancreatic cancer and also indicated as an adjunct to glaucoma surgery where it is used to reduce scarring that might result in increased pressure.

79
Q

Hydroxyurea used for?

A

head and neck cancers, leukemia and sickle cell anemia

80
Q

Mitomycin MOA?

A

result in DNA breaks
binds to DNA to form abnormal cross-links

Pharmacology II-Final (14 decks)

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