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Pharmacology II-Final > Pharmacology 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Alprazolam brand name?

A

Xanax

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2
Q

Clonazepam brand name?

A

Rivotril

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3
Q

Diazepam brand name?

A

valium

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4
Q

Lorazepam brand name?

A

Ativan

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5
Q

MOA of Azapirones?

A

Due to binding at dopamine and 5-HT receptors, partial agonists of 5-HT1A receptors

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6
Q

why are Azapirones a benefit over Benzo?

A

they don’t cause tolerance and dependence

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7
Q

most commone adverse reactions of Azapirones?

A

Dizziness, restlessness, headache, nausea, diarrhea and insomnia

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8
Q

where is Azapirones metabolized? and who should be caution when taking?

A

Metabolized in liver and excreted in urine and elmination 1/2 life is 2-3 hours
Caution in kidney disease patients

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9
Q

Anxiolytic agent?

A

Hydroxyzine

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10
Q

Brand name of Hydroxyzine?

A

Atarax

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11
Q

what is the treatment of Hydroxyzine?

A

is an antihistamine approved for treatment of GAD

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12
Q

hydroxyzine may be used in children for what?

A

reduce anxiety related to minor dental and medical procedures

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13
Q

Hydroxyine produces..

A

a fair bit of sedation but not associated with tolerance or dependence

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14
Q

what patients should you not use Hydroyxine?

A

in lactating women as it dries up breast milk and in men with prostate disease due to urinary retention

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15
Q

Sedation is increased if taken with?

A

CNS depressants or alcohol

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16
Q

Antidepressants used for anxiety?

A

SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs and MAOIs

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17
Q

Fluoxetine and sertraline (SSRIs) used for?

A

OCD

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18
Q

Sertraline used for?

A

treatment of panic disorder, social phobia and PTSD

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19
Q

Venlafaxine (SNRI) used for?

A

management of GAD

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20
Q

Clomipramine (TCA) USED FOR?

A

OCD

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21
Q

Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists used in anxiety?

A

Help to treat rapid heart rate associated with anxiety disorders
administered to reduce palpitations

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22
Q

what beta-blockers are used in anxiety?

A

propranolol and nadolol

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23
Q

Major depression?

A

called clinical depression is associated with persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness or hopelessness
persist for several weeks and are usually accompanied by a lack of interest inactivites that were previously through to be enjoyable, fatigue, irritability and insomnia

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24
Q

Bipolar disorder?

A

is associated with sudden swings in mood between depression and periods of mania
Manis periods can last for 1 or more weeks, during which time the person may sleep little and produce a prolific amount of work.

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25
Q

Dysthymia?

A

produces symtoms that are similar to those of major depression; however the symtoms are less severe.

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26
Q

what is the known cause of depression?

A

deficiency of certain neurotransmitters is invloved.
results from a decrease in monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain.

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27
Q

Dipolar affective disorder (BRPAD) also known as mania is beileved to be associated?

A

with increased level of monoamine neurotransmitters

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28
Q

what monoamine neurotransmitters involve?

A

Norepinephrine (NE), Serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA)

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29
Q

mechanism of action of antidpressants?

A

inhibition of the reuptake of one or more of the monoamine neurotransmitters invloved, while the other is to block the degradation of monoamine neurotransmitters.

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30
Q

Tricyclin antidepressants (TCA) is used for?

A

treatment and management of medical conditions in depression such as bedwetting, OCDand other drug therapy for chronic pain.
Doxepin at lower doses can be used for sleep disorder and as a cream for itching

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31
Q

MOA of TCAs?

A

block the reuptake of NE and 5-HT in the presynaptic neuron and inpostsynapic recetors, therefore they remain in the synaptic cleft longer.
The longer they remain there, the greater the apportunity for binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor.

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32
Q

Where’s are TCA widely distributed?

A

given orally and are widely districuted in the central nervous system
metabolized in the liver and elminated in the urine

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33
Q

onset of action of TCA’s?

A

Short, maximum antidepressant beenfit may take up to 6 weeks to be achieved.

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34
Q

Adverse reactions of the TCAs?

A

increased binding to adrenergic, cholinergic, serotonergic and histaminic recetors.
Adrenergic blockade causes hypotension and reflex tachycardia.
Blockade of histamine recetors can lead to sedation, weight gain and hypotension.
Blockade of cholinergic recetors can lead to blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, confusion and delirium.
May also produce photosensitivity

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35
Q

Amitriptyline brand name?

A

Elavil

36
Q

what auxiliary label should be on Amitripyline?

A

Discolor urine

37
Q

Nortriptyline brand name?

A

Aventyl

38
Q

Imipramine brand name?

A

Tofranil

39
Q

brand name of Doxepin?

A

Sinequan, Silenor

40
Q

what does TCAs have that can cause cardiotoxicity?

A

narrow therpaeutic index
produce cardiotoxicity at doses that are six to eight times highter than the therapeutic dose

41
Q

what is the widely prescribed antidepressant?

A

SSRI

42
Q

what are SSRI used in treating?

A

OCD, premenstrual dysphoric disorder and panic disorders
Fluozetine is also used for treatment of anorexia and bulimia

43
Q

MOA of SSRI?

A

work by producing selective blockade of the reuptake of 5-HT at the synaptic cleft
they are equally effective as TCA just lack the cardiotoxic effects

44
Q

the drug of choice for depressent when people have heart disease?

A

SSRI

45
Q

why does SSRIs have many interactions?

A

exhibit a high degree of protein binding and are metabolized via the cytochrome P-450, therefore interact with many drugs.
these drug interactions may interfere with the rate of drug clearance of either the SSRI or drug that is administered with it.

46
Q

what is the most common side effect of SSRIs?

A

Insomnia so dosed once daily in the morning

47
Q

most serious side effects of SSRIs?

A

serotonin syndrome (confusion, agitation, diarrhea, tremors, increased blood pressure and seizures)
Serotonin syndrome can occur due to drug interactions

48
Q

what patients should be caution when taking SSRIs?

A

liver disease

49
Q

Citalopram brand name?

A

Celexa

50
Q

Escitalopram brand name?

A

Cipralex

51
Q

Fluoxetine brand name?

A

Prozac

52
Q

Fluvoxamine brand name?

A

Luvox

53
Q

Proxetine brand name?

A

Paxil

54
Q

Sertraline brand name?

A

Zoloft

55
Q

two types of monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

A

Subtype A and subtype b

56
Q

Difference between the two subtypes?

A

Subtype A used in the treatment of major depression
Subtype B used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease

57
Q

MOA OF MAOI?

A

interfere with the degradation of monoamine neurotransmitters and dietary amine.
so when these drugs are given neurotransmitter inactivation is inhibited.

58
Q

how are they categorized?

A

based on the time it takes for enzyme levels to return to normal when the drug is discontiuned.
Reversible MAOI it takes about 3-5 days while recovery takes up to 2 weeks for irreversible MAOIs

59
Q

most serious adverse reaction of MAOI’s?

A

Hypertensive crisis (headache, neck stiffness and palpitations, throbbing)
can be fatal and is caused by drug-drug and drug-food interactions

60
Q

Moclobemide brand name?

A

Manerix

61
Q

Phenelzine brand name?

A

Nardil

62
Q

Tranylcypromine brand name?

A

Parnate

63
Q

when MAOI are given what happens?

A

the effect of MAO in the liver is blocked and dietary amine such as tyramine that are absorbed from the intestine and transported to the liver are not inactivated by the enzyme MAO in the liver and are able to reach the general circulation. Tyramine travels to peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals where it promotes the releaseof NE stores.

64
Q

when taking MAOI what should you advise the patient?

A

to avoid eating certain foods and beverages.

65
Q

MOA OF SNRI’s?

A

inhibit the reuptake of 5-HT and NE which is more effective than inhibition of either alone.

66
Q

side effects of SNRIs?

A

increase in blood pressure and may cause hepatoxicity

67
Q

Desvenlafaxine brand name?

A

Pristiq

68
Q

Duloxetine brand name?

A

Cymbalta

69
Q

Venlafaxine brand name?

A

Effexor XR

70
Q

types of atypical antidepressants?

A

Bupropion, mirtazapine, trazodone

71
Q

Bupropion is used for?

A

to treat seasonal affective disorder and smoking cessation

72
Q

what is bupropion?

A

is a Noradrenaline-DA inhibitor. Although well tolerated doses that are greater than 450mg/day or 150mg/dose increase the risk of seizures in people with seizure disorders.

73
Q

what is Mirtazapine?

A

Affects NE and 5-HT levels. It is metabolized by Cyp 450 isozymes, hence is subject to drug interactions

74
Q

what is Trazodone?

A

is a weak inhibitor of 5-HT

75
Q

Bupropion brand name?

A

Wellbutrin SR/XL, Xyban

76
Q

Mirtazapine brand name?

A

Remeron

77
Q

Trazodone brand name?

A

Generics

78
Q

What drug are used to treat bipolar disoder?

A

mood stabilizers.

79
Q

What is a drug that is a mood stabilizers?

A

Lithium

80
Q

Contraindicated of Lithium?

A

Pregnancy

81
Q

Where is lithium rapidly abosrded?

A

from the GI tract, which accounts for its rapid onset of action.

82
Q

Does lithium have a narrow therpatutic index?

A

yes
long-half life

83
Q

what is a common interaction that happens with lithium?

A

lithium and sodium in the kidneys that can result in lithium toxicity. Increased sodium intake can decrease lithium reacsorption.

84
Q

What can increase lithium reabsorption?

A

dehydration

85
Q

what should be monitored regularly when on lithium?

A

Plasma lithium levels and renal function

86
Q

Lithium carbonate brand name?

A

Carbolith

Pharmacology II-Final (14 decks)

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