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Pharmacology II-Final > Pharmacology 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prostatitis?

A

is an inflamed or infected prostate glans

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2
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

is a condition in which noncancerous cells in the prostate grow and increase the size of the prostate gland.
As the gland grows, it begins to obstruct the flow of urine through the urethra

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3
Q

when does BPH increase?

A

with age

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4
Q

what is a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test?

A

may be performed to determine whether levels of psa protein are elevated.
A higher than normal level is a sign of BPH, infection, inflammation or prostate cancer.

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5
Q

What does free PSA mean?

A

the percentage of PSA that is not attached to another chemical)
Free PSA is linked to BPH but not cancer

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6
Q

What is the first symptom of enlarged prostate gland?

A

is a weak or slow stream of urine

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7
Q

what are the two drugs administered to manage symtoms?

A

alpha blockers
5alpha-reductase inhibitors

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8
Q

when is pharmacotherapy for BPH initiated?

A

when symptoms are uncomfortable enough to warrant treatment

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9
Q

how does alpha1-adrenergic antagonists work to manage symtoms of prostatitis?

A

relax prostate bladder smooth muscle which reduces urethral resistance and improves the flow of urine
dosed once daily
urine flow rates are improved within 2 weeks of therapy

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10
Q

Doxazosin brand name?

A

Cardura

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11
Q

Terazosin brand name?

A

Hytrin

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12
Q

Tamsulosin brand name?

A

Flomax CR

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13
Q

MOA of 5alpha-reductase inhibitors?

A

reduce testosterone levels

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14
Q

what drugs are 5alpha-reductase inhibitors?

A

Finasteride and Dutasteride

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15
Q

when are 5alpha-reductase inhibitors contradicated?

A

pregnacy women and women of childbearing age should be advised to avoid contact with briken or crushed tablets.

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16
Q

What can Finasteride also treat?

A

male pattern bladness

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17
Q

Dustasteride brand name?

A

Avodart

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18
Q

Finasteride brand name?

A

(Proscar (BPH))

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19
Q

Propecia brand name?

A

Baldness

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20
Q

what is erectile dysfunction?

A

is defined as the total inability to achieve erection, an inconsistent ability to achieve erection or difficutly maintaining erection long enough to sustain sexual intercourse.

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21
Q

ED may cause other problems such as?

A

physiological, psychological, neurologic or endocrinologic causes

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22
Q

does diabetes affect erectile function?

A

yes can cause vascular and nerve changes

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23
Q

what drugs are used to treat ed?

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
prostaglandin E analogues

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24
Q

what is the most commone drug for ED?

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

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25
Q

when are phosphodiesterase inhibitors taken?

A

prior to intercourse to produce an erection
Sildenafil and tadalafil are taken 30 mins
Vardenafil are taken 60 mins

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26
Q

what is contraindicated when taking phosphodiestrase inhibitors?

A

-nitorglycerin and nitrates because it causes life-threatening drop in blood pressure

-concurrent use of alpha-adrenergic antagonists used for treatment of BPH reqiures caution and is recommended that they should not be taken within 4 hours of phosphodiestrase inhibitors

-avoid concurrent administration of phosphodiestrase inhibitors with antifungals, cimetidine, grapefruit juice and macrolide

-coadministration of SSRIs and MAOIs

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27
Q

Sildenafil brand name?

A

Viagra

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28
Q

Tadalafil brand name?

A

Cialis

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29
Q

Vardenafil brand name?

A

Levitra

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30
Q

Drugs of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

A

-Sildenafil
-tadalafil
-vardenafil

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31
Q

MOA of prostaglandins?

A

prostaglandin mediates the relaxation of penile smooth muscle

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32
Q

The drug of choice of prostaglandins is?

A

Alprostadil

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33
Q

what is the worst adverse reaction of both dosage forms of prostaglandins?

A

produce prolonged erection (lasting > 4 hours)

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34
Q

Alprostadil brand name?

A

Caverject, Muse

35
Q

Aderve reactions of 5a-reductase inhibitors?

A

-decreased sexual desire
-erectile dysfunction
-reduced semen volume
-avoid contact with broken or crushed tablets if pregnant or of childbearing age

36
Q

adverse reactions of prostaglandins?

A

Hypotension, dizziness, bleeding, bruising, pain at site of injection

37
Q

Herbal remedies for BPH and Ed?

A

-SAW PALMETTO
-YOHIMBE

38
Q

What is saw palmetto?

A

Inhibits 5a-reductase and cytosolic androgen binding
Produces antiinflammatory and antiestrogenic effects
may reduce urinary symtoms of BPH
Prostate cancer should be ruled out before use

39
Q

what is yohimbe?

A

evergreen tree found in west africa
Alpha blocker that may improve ED but there is limited evidence
DI’s if taken with MAOIs, TCAs and phenothiazine

40
Q

what is GERD?

A

is a motility disorder associated with impaired peristalsis (forceful wave of contractions in the esophague that moves food and other orally ingested contents from the mouth to the stomach)

stomach contents back up into the esophagus when there is a buildup of pressure in the stomach that causes the LES (lower esophageal sphincter which is a muscle located at the junction between the esophagus and upper stomach) to open and leak stomach contents back up into the esophague causing GER.

41
Q

what is a sign of GERD?

A

persistent GER, more than twice a week
persons of any age can develop GERD

42
Q

risk factors of GERD? and factors can aggravate GERD?

A

obesity, smoking, pregnancy
foods, lifestyle, prescription and over-the-counter medicines, body positions

43
Q

what is closly related to GERD?

A

Laryngopharyngeal reflux

44
Q

what is a peptic ulcer disease?

A

an ulcer is an open wound or sore
ulcers can occur anywhere on the body
example: gastric ulcers form in the stomach, duodenal ulcers form in the upper region of the small intestines
peptic ulcer form in the stomach or duodenum

45
Q

what is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease?

A

Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori)

46
Q

What is H.pylori?

A

is an infection and can put you at risk for the development of stomach cancer
infections are transmitted person to person by the gastric-oral route

47
Q

(H.Pylori) what happens when the bacteria are ingested?

A

they release buffers which allow them to survive in the acidic content of the stomach and also release virrulence factors that cause the inflammation and tissue damage.

48
Q

risk factors for the development of ulcers?

A

family history
age
use of medicines such as salicylates (aspirin), NSAIDs (naproxen) and corticosteroids (prednisone)

49
Q

MOA of Histamine 2 receptor antagonist drugs?

A

H2 receptor antagonists competitvely and reversiblu bind to H2 receptors, blocking histamine-mediated acid secretion
-The effect of H2 recetor antagonists on nocturnal acid secretion is significantly greater than on acid secretion after meals

50
Q

what is the difference between the H2 receptor antagonists?

A

Rantitdine is the most potent and is up to 10 times more effective than cimentidine.

51
Q

Adverse effects of H2 recetor antagonists?

A

dizziness or drowiness, constipation or diarrhea, bloating, headache and confusion when taken at therapeutic doses.

52
Q

what does cimetidine do?

A

inhibits several meveral metabolic enxymes and is responsible for increasing the elimination of more than 25 different drugs.

53
Q

H2 receptor antagonist drugs?

A

-cimetidine
-famotidine
-Nizatidine
-Ranitidine

54
Q

Cimetidine brand name?

A

Tagamet

55
Q

Famotidine brand name?

A

Pepcid

56
Q

Nizatidine brand name?

A

Axid

57
Q

Ranitidine brand name?

A

Zantac

58
Q

Proton pump inhibitor drugs treatment?

A

decrease gastric acid levels
more potent than h2 receptor antagonists

59
Q

MOA of PPIs

A

decrease gastric acids by interfering with the final step in gastric acid production
can be destroyed in gastric acids

60
Q

what formulations are most PPIs

A

deplayed release formulations and must not be crushed or chewed

61
Q

Esomeprazole brand name?

A

Nexium

62
Q

Lansoprazole brand name?

A

Prevacid

63
Q

Omeprazole brand name?

A

Losec

64
Q

pantoprazole brand name?

A

Pantoloc, tecta

65
Q

Rabeprazole brand name?

A

Pariet

66
Q

what do mucosal protectants do?

A

protect the epithelial cells that line the stomach and small intestine from damage by gastric acids, pepsin and H.pylori

67
Q

Misoprostol approved for the prevention of what? MOA

A

NSAID-induced peptic ulcers. it stimulates the production of protective mucus and bicarbonate in the stomach and also increases the regeneration of gastric epithlial cells and enhances blood flow to the stomach.

68
Q

what is sucralfate approved for? MOA?

A

duodenal ulcers
it binds to the ulcerated area and forms a protective barrier and also promotes the regeneration of stomach epithelial cells. it is a weak inhibitor of H.pylori

69
Q

Misoprostol is contrindicated?

A

pregnancy because it stimulates uterine contractions.

70
Q

when does misoprostol must be dispensed?

A

in the maunfacturer’s original container

71
Q

Sucralfate can block what?

A

the absorption of several drugs including H2 recetor antagonists, PPIs and several antibiotics.
to avoid drug interactions, the drugs should not be taken at the same time as sucralfate

72
Q

Misoprostol brand name?

A

Cytotec

73
Q

Sucralfate brand name?

A

Sulcrate

74
Q

Misoprostol + diclofenac brand name?

A

Arthrotec-50

75
Q

what are prokinetic drugs used for?

A

treatment of GERD and LPR

76
Q

MOA of prokinetic drugs?

A

increase perislasis, speed gastric emptying and imporve LES tone

77
Q

Prokinetic drugs drugs?

A

Metoclopramide
Domperidone

78
Q

Metoclopramide brand name?

A

Metonia

79
Q

Domperidone brand name?

A

Motillium

80
Q

what are the oldest drug used in the treatment of GERD and PUD?

A

Antacids
use has declined since more potent drugs, requiring fewer daily doses, have been developed

81
Q

MOA of antacids?

A

neutralize gastric acids and decrease pepsin secretion

82
Q

Antimicrobials treatment for?

A

PUD to eradicate H.pylori infection

83
Q

what drugs are effective for eradicating H.pylori>

A

Clarithyromycin
metronidazole
amoxcillin
tetracycline
-used in combination with drugs that decrease gastric acids and protect the gastric mucosa

Pharmacology II-Final (14 decks)

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