Final exam

Question 1

Treatment for angina?

Answer 1

-Nitrates: reduce oxygen demand and increase oxygen supply
-Beta-Adrenergic blockers: reduce the heart’s demand for oxygen by decreasing the heart rate and reducing the workload of the heart
-Calcium channel blockers: reduce vasospasm that restrict the flow of blood and oxygen

Question 2

Symtoms of angina?

Answer 2

Stable angina: physical exertion is the most common reason.
Unstable angina: reqiures medical evaluation. may cause myocardial infarction
Symptoms are not relieved by rest
Variant angina: relieved by medications that include nitrates and calcium channel blockers

Question 3

Nitro patch?

Answer 3

used intermittently is indicated for the prevention of anginal attacks in patients with stable angina assocaited with coronary artery disease.
used in conjunction with other antianginal agents such as beta-blockers or calcium antagonists.

Question 4

which acei are used for certain people with dysfunctional organs?

Answer 4

Captopril and Lisinpril are already active while the others are prodrugs and have to be metabolized to their active state and would not be drugs of first choice for patients with decreased liver function.
Fosinopril is a good choice for patients with decreased kidney function

Question 5

treatment of hypertension?

Answer 5

-Diuretics
-aldosterone receptor antagonists
-ACEI
-ARBs
-Beta blocker
-Calcium channel blockers
-Central-acting alpha2 agonists
-Direct vasodilators

Question 6

how is postassium related to diuretics?

Answer 6

Thiazide diuretics: act at the distal concoluted tubule decreasing vasoconstriction. these drugs promote elimination of water, sodium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions they can cause dehydration

Loop diruretics: increase potassium excretion (potassium supplement needed)
Potassium-sparing diuretics: inhibit sodium reabsorption while avoiding postassium loss.
hyperkalemia is the msot serious adverse reaction
Avoid salt subsitiute because they contain potassium chloride

Question 7

Anticoagulant vs thrombolytics?

Answer 7

Anticoagulant prevent clot formation by inhibiting clotting factors at different areas of the clotting pathway.

Thrombolytics: dissolve blood clots. they are given in the early stages of stroke.

Question 8

what does warfain do?

Answer 8

interferes with the formation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
warfarin inhibits the vitamin k EPOXIDE REDUCTASE COMPLEX 1
effectiveness may be decreased by consumption of food and nutritional supplements with vitamin k.
the max effects of warfarin are not achieved until 4-5 days after intiiating therapy.
interacts with many drugs
avoid pregnacy
warfarin overdose can be reversed by giving vitamin K.

Question 9

treatment of hypothyroidism and hyper?

Answer 9

Hyperthyroidism: radioactive iodine (high doses)
prior to administration pretreatment with antihyroid drug is recommended for about 2 weeks to block the synthesis of thyroid hormone.
-Thioamides: deplete excess thyroid hormone levels in patients awaiting treatment with radioactive iodine or surgery
these drugs block the synthesis of T4 and T3: takes 2-4 months of therapy with propylthiouracil before max effects

Hypothyroidism: Thyroid replacement: Synthetic T4 (levothyroxine)- naturally ocurring T4 is metabolized to T3

Question 10

MAOI interactions?

Answer 10

When MAOIs are given, the effect of MAO in the liver is blocked, and dietary amine such as tyramine that are absorded from the intestine and transported to the liver are not inactivated by the enzyme MAO in the liver.
advised to avoid eating certain foods and beverages

Question 11

cancer causing agents?

Answer 11

-breast cancer
-cancer of the cervix
-skin cancer
-lung cancer
-colorectal cancer
-prostate cancer

Question 12

endometrial cancer and who it affects?

Answer 12

cancer of the cervix, endometrium and ovaries. most found only inside the uterus.
overweight or obese women

Question 13

treatment of neuropathic pain?

Answer 13

antidepressants (amitriptyline, duloxetine), antiseizure drugs (gabapentin, lamotrigine), local anesthetics (liocaine, mexiletine) and capsaicin

Question 14

what are nondrug treatment of pain?

Answer 14

-education
-physical therapy
-occupational therapy
-biofeedback
-cognitive behavioural therapy
-acupuncture
-chiropractic medicine
-transcutaneous electrical stimulation
-Cryotherapy

Question 15

treatment of migraines?

Answer 15

triptans
simple analgesics and combination analgesics
ergot alkaloids
5-HT agonists

Question 16

Beta-Lactam antibiotics?

Answer 16

-penicillins
-cephalosporins
-carbapenems
-monobactams

Question 17

what macrolides are used for? and what are they?

Answer 17

used for the treatment of upper respiratory infections.
Clarithromycin is a key ingredient in treatment regimens for peptic ulcer disease caused by helicobacter pylori
-used for the prevention of neonatal eye infections and acne
-Macrolides inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin

Question 18

Lyme disease treatment

Answer 18

tetracyclines

Question 19

Classes of antiretroviral?

Answer 19

-Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
-Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
-Protease inhibitors (PIS)
-Fusion inhibitors
-Chemokine receptor antagonist
-HIV integrase stand inhibitor

Question 20

Fusion inhibitors?

Answer 20

interfere with step 2 in the HIV life cycle.
-Enfuvirtide
-this drug is intended to be abministered in combination with other antiretrovirals. it is to be given by Subcut injection.

Question 21

What does peak flow meter do?

Answer 21

handheld device used to measure the colume of air exhaled and how fast the air is exhaled.

Question 22

treatment of COPD?

Answer 22

bronchodilators, glucocorticosteroids and antibiotics, anticholinergics (tiotropium): first-line treatment and antimucolytics (acetylcysteine)

Question 23

what is BPH?

Answer 23

is a condition in which noncancerous cells in the prostate grow and increase the size of the prostate gland.
As the galnd grows, it begins to obstruct the flow of urine through the urethra.
the risk for developing BPH increases with age.

Question 24

Drugs for GERD? treatment goals for PUD, GERD and LPR?

Answer 24

classified according to their pharmacologic effects
1) acid-neutralizing drugs (antacids)
2) acid-suppressing drugs (histamine 2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors)
3) mucosal protectants (prostaglandins, sucralfate)
4) drugs that eliminate H.Pylori (anti-infectives)
5) prokinetic drugs (metoclopramide)