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Fundamentals Pharmacology > Pharmacokinetics/dynamics > Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics/dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Process of drug movement through the body necessary to achieve the drug action

A

Pharmacokinetics

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2
Q

Effects of the drug on the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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3
Q

The four processes of pharmacokinetics

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Excretion
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4
Q

Movement of the drug into the bloodstream

A

Absorption

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5
Q

Factors affecting absorption (list at least 3)

A
  • Blood flow
  • Pain/stress
  • Hunger/fasting/food
  • pH
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6
Q

Some of the medication is metabolized to an inactive form and excreted

A

First Pass Metabolism/Effect

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7
Q

During the First Pass Effect what happens to the med that is not excreted?

A

It gets distributed and absorbed

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8
Q

What are the only meds that are affected by first pass metabolism?

A

Oral meds

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9
Q

Percentage of the administered drug available for activity

A

Bioavailability

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10
Q

Factors influencing bioavailability (List 3)

A
  • Drug form
  • Route of administration
  • Gastric mucosa/mobility
  • Administration w/ food/other drugs
  • Changes in liver metabolism
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11
Q

Movement of a drug from the bloodstream to body tissues

A

Distribution

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12
Q

Drugs able to exit the bloodstream & exert a pharmacological effect on the site of action

A

Free Drugs

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13
Q

Factors that effect distribution

A
  • Vascular permeability - How easily the drug can get to the sight (heart pumping)
  • Regional blood flow
  • pH - Alkaline drugs like alkaline environments
  • Cardiac output
  • Tissue perfusion
  • Protein availability
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14
Q

Occurs when more unbound drug is in circulation then bound

A

Toxicity

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15
Q

What is albumin & what happens if it gets low?

A

There is more free drug in the body which creates a higher potency and could lead to toxicity

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16
Q

Special endothelial lining where cells form tight junctions & protect the brain from foreign substances

A

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

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17
Q

What kind of drugs CAN cross the BBB?

A
  • Highly lipid soluble
  • Low molecular weight
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18
Q

What kind of drugs CANNOT pass the BBB?

A
  • Water soluble
  • Unbound drugs (free drugs)
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19
Q

Process by which the drug is chemically changed by the body for excretion

A

Metabolism

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20
Q

The steps of the process of metabolism

A
  1. Drug goes to liver
  2. Liver breaks down drug
  3. Drug binds to proteins and liver keeps what it wants
  4. Gets rid of the waste in the kidneys
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21
Q

Primary site of metabolism

A

Liver

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22
Q

When a drug is useless on its own, but after being metabolized in the liver it becomes a different useful drug

A

Biotransformation & Prodrugs

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23
Q

Amount of time it takes for the amount of a drug ALREADY in the body to be reduced by half

A

Half-life or t1/2

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24
Q

Factors influencing the half life of a drug

A
  • Amount of drug from the previous dose
  • Metabolism
  • Elimination
25
Give an example of a short half-life
Ibuprofen has a short half life - because you have to take it every 4-6 hours
26
Give an example of a long half life
Maloxicam as a long half life because you only take it every 12 hours
27
The amount of drug being administered is the same amount of drug being eliminated
Steady state or plateau drug level
28
Larger initial dose followed by maintenance doses
Loading dose
29
Elimination of free drugs, water soluable drugs, & unchanged drugs
Excretion
30
Main route of excretion
Kidneys
31
Normal pH range for urine
4.6-8.0
32
Acidic urine promotes excretion of what kind of drugs
Weak base drugs
33
Alkaline urine promotes excretion of what kind of drugs
Weak acid drugs
34
Factors effecting excretion
- Prerenal - dehydration or hemorrhage - Intrarenal - CKD & glomerulonephritis - Post renal conditions - Prostatic hypertrophy, stones, & neurogenic bladder
35
Calculated using creatinine level,age, body size, and sex
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)
36
What set of labs is the eGFR a part of?
Basic metabolic pannel
37
Accelerated metabolism and elimination resulting in decreased plasma concentrations
Induction
38
Slowing down of metabolism and excretion resulting in increased plasma concentrations
Inhibition
39
What is the desirable effect of a drug
Primary Effect
40
What is the undesirable effect of a drug
Secondary Effect
41
The relationship between the dose of a drug administered and the response of the effect on the body
Dose-response Relationship
42
Amount of drug needed to elicit a specific response to a drug
Potency
43
Point where increasing the drug does not increase the desired effect any more
Maximal Efficacy
44
Minimum amount of drug needed for desired response
Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)
45
Range of doses that produce the therapeutic effect w/out causing significant adverse effects
Therapeutic Window
46
When a medication begins to give the desired response
Onset - could be 5 minutes or 3 weeks
47
When do adverse side effects happen?
When the dose is too high over the therapeutic window
48
When do sub-therapeutic effects happen?
When the dose is too low below the therapeutic window
49
Drugs that enhance what natural substances do and bind to the receptor site
Agonist Drugs
50
Drugs that block what natural substances do and block the receptor site
Antagonist Drugs
51
Two drugs administered in combo & response is increased beyond what either could produce alone
Additive Drug Effect
52
Clinical effect of the two drugs given together is substantially greater than that of either drug alone
Synergistic Drug Effects
53
One drug reduces or blocks the effect of the other
Antagonistic Drug Effects
54
How do nutrients effect drug interactions?
Food can increase, decrease, or delay the bodies pharmacokinetic response
55
Can cause interference with enzyme reactions or alteration of chemical reactions
Drug-Laboratory Interactions
56
Skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight
Drug-induced Photosensitivity
57
Immune system recognized the sun's rays as a foreign threat and attacks
Photoallergic Reaction
58
When drug you're taking is activated by exposure to UV light and causes damage to the skin
Phototoxic Reaction

Fundamentals Pharmacology (11 decks)

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