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Fundamentals Pharmacology > Ch. 25 Analgesics > Flashcards

Ch. 25 Analgesics Flashcards

1
Q

Reflects level of stimulus needed to create a painful sensation

A

Pain Threshold

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2
Q

Amount of pain a person can endure w/out it interfering with their normal functioning

A

Pain Tolerance

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3
Q

Both opioid & nonopioid pain relievers

A

Analgesics

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4
Q

Type of analgesic for mild-moderate pain

A

Nonnarcotic

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5
Q

Type of analgesic for moderate-severe pain

A

Narcotic

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6
Q

Pain w/ a sudden onset, short duration of <3 months), responds quickly to treatment

A

Acute Pain

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7
Q

Causes of acute pain (list 2 of 4)

A
  • Trauma
  • Tissue Injury
  • Inflammation
  • Surgery
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8
Q

Drugs used to treat mild acute pain

A

Nonopioid - Acetaminophen, NSAIDs

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9
Q

Drugs used to treat moderate acute pain

A

Combo of nonopioid/opioids such as oxycodone & acetaminophen

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10
Q

Drugs used to treat severe acute pain

A

Potent opioids such as morphine & hydrocodone

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11
Q

Pain that lasts for >3 months, difficult to treat & control, w/ gradual onset

A

Chronic Pain

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12
Q

Causes of chronic pain

A

Mostly vague but can be caused from previous injuries or conditions such as cancer or arthritis

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13
Q

Drugs used to treat chronic pain

A

Nonopioid drugs suggested, but may use opioids if prescribed by the PCP

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14
Q

If opioids are prescribed to treat chronic pain they must meet this criteria….(4 items)

A
  • Given orally or transdermal
  • Long duration of action
  • Include adjunct therapy
  • Cause minimal respiratory depression
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15
Q

This type of pain is caused by pressure on the nerves & organs, blockage to blood supply, or metastasis to bones

A

Cancer

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16
Q

Drugs used to treat cancer pain

A

NSAIDs or opioids PO, transdermal, IM/IV, intrathecally (spinal canal), or w/ PCA

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17
Q

Method of pain relief where patient controls amount of pain meds used

A

Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA)

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18
Q

Pain in skeletal muscles, ligaments, or joints

A

Somatic Pain

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19
Q

Drugs used to treat somatic pain

A

Nonopioids - NSAIDs

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20
Q

Pain from skin & mucous membranes

A

Superficial Pain

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21
Q

Drugs used to treat superficial pain

A

Mild pain - Nonopioids
Moderate pain - Combo of nonopioids & opioids

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22
Q

Pain that occurs from vascular and/or peripheral tissues contributing to headaches and migraines

A

Vascular Pain

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23
Q

Drugs used to treat vascular pain

A

Nonopioids

24
Q

Pain from smooth muscle and organs

A

Visceral Pain

25
Q

Drugs used to treat visceral pain

A

Opioids

26
Q

Untreatment of pain can lead to…

A
  • Increased respiratory & heartrate
  • Hypertension
  • Anxiety
  • Fluid retention/fluid overload
  • Electrolyte imbalance
27
Q

Analgesics are used to treat…

A

Mild to moderate pain
- Dull, throbbing headaches
- Dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain)
- Inflammation
- Minor abrasions
- Muscle aches/pains
- Mild-moderate arthritis

28
Q

Where are most analgesics purchased?

A

Over the counter

29
Q

Examples of analgesics/NSAIDs include…

A
  • Aspirin
  • Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
  • Ibuprofen (Advil)
  • Naproxen (Aleve)
30
Q

Rare syndrome associated with viral infections treated w/ salicylates causing swelling of the brain & liver

A

Reye Syndrome

31
Q

What should you give to children instead of Aspirin?

A

Acetaminophen

32
Q

Along with being antipyretic & anti-inflammatory Aspirin is also

A

Platelet aggregation (clotting)

33
Q

What is Aspirin sometimes prescribed as a preventative for?

A

Prevents transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), heart attacks, & thromboembolic episodes due to its help with reducing blood clotting

34
Q

Why should you not take too many NSAIDs at a time?

A

Inhibition of the COX-1 enzyme decreases protection of the stomach lining so too much of these medicines could cause GI upset, bleeding, and possibly ulcers

35
Q

Common side effects of NSAIDs include

A
  • Gastric distress: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (take w/ food or full glass of fluids)
  • Excess bleeding if taken within the first two days of menstruation for dysmenorrhea
  • Salicylate Toxicity: Tinnitus, vertigo, hyperventilation, potential metabolic acidosis
36
Q

Side effects of acetaminophen

A

-Headache
- Insomnia
- Anxiety
- Fatigue
- Anorexia
- Nausea/vomiting
- Constipation
- Peripheral edema

37
Q

Adverse Effects of Acetaminophen

A
  • Oliguria (production of small amounts of urine)
  • Hearing loss
  • Hypomagnesemia (low levels of magnesium)
  • Elevated hepatic enzymes
  • Life threatening: Hepatic/renal failure
38
Q

Nursing Action for NSAIDs

A
  • Assess for history/allergies to NSAIDS
  • Assess for severe renal/liver disease, peptic ulcers, or bleeding
  • Observe for bleeding
39
Q

Patient education for NSAIDs

A
  • Don’t combine non-aspirin NSAID w/ aspirin or acetaminophen
  • Take as directed
  • Inform surgeon and/or dentist if taking for continuous period
40
Q

Nursing Action w/ Acetaminophen

A
  • Assess pain, using standard pain scale
  • Assess for liver dysfunction
41
Q

Patient Education w/ Acetaminophen

A
  • Max dosage 4g/day, if taking frequently 2g/day
  • Keep out of reach of children
  • Parents should call poison control if child has taken large/unknown amount
42
Q

Common Opioid Analgesics

A
  • Morphine
  • Codeine
  • Hydrocodone
  • Oxycodone
  • Fentanyl
43
Q

Therapeutic action of Opioids

A
  • Activation of the u receptors in the CNS
  • Analgesia
  • Euphoria
  • Sedation
  • Decreased GI motility
44
Q

Indications of Opioids

A
  • Moderate to severe pain
  • Cough suppression
45
Q

Contraindications

A
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Alcohol
  • CNS/respiratory depression
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Seizures
  • Renal/liver dysfunction
46
Q

Side Effects of Opioids

A
  • Sedation
  • Respiratory depression
  • Addiction
47
Q

Adverse Effects of Opioids

A
  • Life threatening: Resp depression, GI obstruction, dysrhythmias
  • Constipation
  • Orthostatic hypotension
48
Q

Nursing Action for Opioids

A
  • Obtain medical history (resp depression, seizures, renal disease)
  • Drug history/allergies
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Hold if resp rate >12bpm
    -Hold if BP and/or pulse rate significantly lower than pretreatment value
  • Monitor bowl movements/assess bowel sounds (request stool softener/laxative)
  • Monitor urine output
  • Monitor pupil changes & reaction
49
Q

Patient Education for Opioids

A
  • Do not use alcohol or CNS depressants
  • Be aware of the possibility of sedation, orthostatic hypotension, constipation, urinary retention, emesis, cough suppression
50
Q

Antagonist Drug

A

Drug that blocks opioids by attaching to the opioid receptors w/out activating them

51
Q

Agonist Drug

A

Binds to the receptor site and enhances the action of a natural substance

52
Q

Common Meds for Opioid Antagonists

A
  • Naloxone (Narcan)
53
Q

Therapeutic Action of Narcan

A
  • Blocks opioid receptors
  • Inhibits opioid action
54
Q

Indications of Narcan

A
  • Reversal of opioid overdose
  • Reversal of postop opioid depression
55
Q

Contraindications of Narcan

A

None

56
Q

Side Effects of Narcan

A
  • Withdraw symptoms:
  • Sweating
  • Runny nose
  • Sneezing
    -Weakness
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea/vomiting
57
Q

Adverse Effects of Narcan

A

Withdraw symptoms

Fundamentals Pharmacology (11 decks)

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