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Fundamentals Pharmacology > Ch. 25 Analgesics > Flashcards

Ch. 25 Analgesics Flashcards

1
Q

Reflects level of stimulus needed to create a painful sensation

A

Pain Threshold

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2
Q

Amount of pain a person can endure w/out it interfering with their normal functioning

A

Pain Tolerance

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3
Q

Both opioid & nonopioid pain relievers

A

Analgesics

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4
Q

Type of analgesic for mild-moderate pain

A

Nonnarcotic

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5
Q

Type of analgesic for moderate-severe pain

A

Narcotic

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6
Q

Pain w/ a sudden onset, short duration of <3 months), responds quickly to treatment

A

Acute Pain

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7
Q

Causes of acute pain (list 2 of 4)

A
  • Trauma
  • Tissue Injury
  • Inflammation
  • Surgery
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8
Q

Drugs used to treat mild acute pain

A

Nonopioid - Acetaminophen, NSAIDs

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9
Q

Drugs used to treat moderate acute pain

A

Combo of nonopioid/opioids such as oxycodone & acetaminophen

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10
Q

Drugs used to treat severe acute pain

A

Potent opioids such as morphine & hydrocodone

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11
Q

Pain that lasts for >3 months, difficult to treat & control, w/ gradual onset

A

Chronic Pain

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12
Q

Causes of chronic pain

A

Mostly vague but can be caused from previous injuries or conditions such as cancer or arthritis

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13
Q

Drugs used to treat chronic pain

A

Nonopioid drugs suggested, but may use opioids if prescribed by the PCP

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14
Q

If opioids are prescribed to treat chronic pain they must meet this criteria….(4 items)

A
  • Given orally or transdermal
  • Long duration of action
  • Include adjunct therapy
  • Cause minimal respiratory depression
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15
Q

This type of pain is caused by pressure on the nerves & organs, blockage to blood supply, or metastasis to bones

A

Cancer

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16
Q

Drugs used to treat cancer pain

A

NSAIDs or opioids PO, transdermal, IM/IV, intrathecally (spinal canal), or w/ PCA

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17
Q

Method of pain relief where patient controls amount of pain meds used

A

Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA)

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18
Q

Pain in skeletal muscles, ligaments, or joints

A

Somatic Pain

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19
Q

Drugs used to treat somatic pain

A

Nonopioids - NSAIDs

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20
Q

Pain from skin & mucous membranes

A

Superficial Pain

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21
Q

Drugs used to treat superficial pain

A

Mild pain - Nonopioids
Moderate pain - Combo of nonopioids & opioids

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22
Q

Pain that occurs from vascular and/or peripheral tissues contributing to headaches and migraines

A

Vascular Pain

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23
Q

Drugs used to treat vascular pain

A

Nonopioids

24
Q

Pain from smooth muscle and organs

A

Visceral Pain

25
Drugs used to treat visceral pain
Opioids
26
Untreatment of pain can lead to...
- Increased respiratory & heartrate - Hypertension - Anxiety - Fluid retention/fluid overload - Electrolyte imbalance
27
Analgesics are used to treat...
Mild to moderate pain - Dull, throbbing headaches - Dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain) - Inflammation - Minor abrasions - Muscle aches/pains - Mild-moderate arthritis
28
Where are most analgesics purchased?
Over the counter
29
Examples of analgesics/NSAIDs include...
- Aspirin - Acetaminophen (Tylenol) - Ibuprofen (Advil) - Naproxen (Aleve)
30
Rare syndrome associated with viral infections treated w/ salicylates causing swelling of the brain & liver
Reye Syndrome
31
What should you give to children instead of Aspirin?
Acetaminophen
32
Along with being antipyretic & anti-inflammatory Aspirin is also
Platelet aggregation (clotting)
33
What is Aspirin sometimes prescribed as a preventative for?
Prevents transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), heart attacks, & thromboembolic episodes due to its help with reducing blood clotting
34
Why should you not take too many NSAIDs at a time?
Inhibition of the COX-1 enzyme decreases protection of the stomach lining so too much of these medicines could cause GI upset, bleeding, and possibly ulcers
35
Common side effects of NSAIDs include
- Gastric distress: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (take w/ food or full glass of fluids) - Excess bleeding if taken within the first two days of menstruation for dysmenorrhea - Salicylate Toxicity: Tinnitus, vertigo, hyperventilation, potential metabolic acidosis
36
Side effects of acetaminophen
-Headache - Insomnia - Anxiety - Fatigue - Anorexia - Nausea/vomiting - Constipation - Peripheral edema
37
Adverse Effects of Acetaminophen
- Oliguria (production of small amounts of urine) - Hearing loss - Hypomagnesemia (low levels of magnesium) - Elevated hepatic enzymes - Life threatening: Hepatic/renal failure
38
Nursing Action for NSAIDs
- Assess for history/allergies to NSAIDS - Assess for severe renal/liver disease, peptic ulcers, or bleeding - Observe for bleeding
39
Patient education for NSAIDs
- Don't combine non-aspirin NSAID w/ aspirin or acetaminophen - Take as directed - Inform surgeon and/or dentist if taking for continuous period
40
Nursing Action w/ Acetaminophen
- Assess pain, using standard pain scale - Assess for liver dysfunction
41
Patient Education w/ Acetaminophen
- Max dosage 4g/day, if taking frequently 2g/day - Keep out of reach of children - Parents should call poison control if child has taken large/unknown amount
42
Common Opioid Analgesics
- Morphine - Codeine - Hydrocodone - Oxycodone - Fentanyl
43
Therapeutic action of Opioids
- Activation of the u receptors in the CNS - Analgesia - Euphoria - Sedation - Decreased GI motility
44
Indications of Opioids
- Moderate to severe pain - Cough suppression
45
Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity - Alcohol - CNS/respiratory depression - Dysrhythmias - Seizures - Renal/liver dysfunction
46
Side Effects of Opioids
- Sedation - Respiratory depression - Addiction
47
Adverse Effects of Opioids
- Life threatening: Resp depression, GI obstruction, dysrhythmias - Constipation - Orthostatic hypotension
48
Nursing Action for Opioids
- Obtain medical history (resp depression, seizures, renal disease) - Drug history/allergies - Monitor vital signs - Hold if resp rate >12bpm -Hold if BP and/or pulse rate significantly lower than pretreatment value - Monitor bowl movements/assess bowel sounds (request stool softener/laxative) - Monitor urine output - Monitor pupil changes & reaction
49
Patient Education for Opioids
- Do not use alcohol or CNS depressants - Be aware of the possibility of sedation, orthostatic hypotension, constipation, urinary retention, emesis, cough suppression
50
Antagonist Drug
Drug that blocks opioids by attaching to the opioid receptors w/out activating them
51
Agonist Drug
Binds to the receptor site and enhances the action of a natural substance
52
Common Meds for Opioid Antagonists
- Naloxone (Narcan)
53
Therapeutic Action of Narcan
- Blocks opioid receptors - Inhibits opioid action
54
Indications of Narcan
- Reversal of opioid overdose - Reversal of postop opioid depression
55
Contraindications of Narcan
None
56
Side Effects of Narcan
- Withdraw symptoms: - Sweating - Runny nose - Sneezing -Weakness - Diarrhea - Nausea/vomiting
57
Adverse Effects of Narcan
Withdraw symptoms

Fundamentals Pharmacology (11 decks)

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