Pharmacodynamics

Question 1

A substance that has physiological effect when ingested or introduced into the body

Answer 1

Drugs

Question 2

Drugs is used to

Answer 2

Treat
Cure
Mitigate
Prevent
Diagnose

Question 3

Divisions of Pharmacology

Answer 3

a. Pharmacodynamics
b. Pharmacokinetics
c. Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 4

Study of selective biologic activity of drugs and of substances that interact w/ living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules & activating or inhibiting normal processes

Answer 4

Pharmacology

Question 5

What the drug does to the body

Answer 5

Pharmacodynamics

Question 6

Branch of pharmacology that deals with drug effect and drug actions

Answer 6

Pharmacodynamics

Question 7

Classification of Drugs

Answer 7

1. Functional Modifiers
2. Replenishers
3. Diagnostics
4. Chemotherapeutics

Question 8

Alters certain physiologic functions & activities of body cells

Answer 8

Functional modifiers

Question 9

Supplement the existing endogenous compound that are deficient or lackin in concentration

Answer 9

Replenishers

Question 10

Diagnosis or confirmation of absence or presence of certain diseases

Answer 10

Diagnostics

Question 11

Agents used to kill/ inhibit growth of cells considered as foreign to the body

Answer 11

Chemotherapeutics

Question 12

Sensation of pain (analgesics, anesthetics)
Tachycardia (beta-blockers)
Morphine - narcotic analgesic; pain perception
Bevacizumab

Answer 12

Functional Modifiers

Question 13

DM type 1 (Insulin)
Pernicous Anemia (Vit B12)
Diarrhea (ORS)

Answer 13

Replenishers

Question 13

DM type 1 (Insulin)
Pernicous Anemia (Vit B12)
Diarrhea (ORS)

Answer 13

Replenishers

Question 14

Edrophonium (Tensilon®)
Barium sulfate
Metacholine Test
Dobutamine/ Dipyridamole

Answer 14

Diagnostics

Question 15

Anti-infectives, Anti-microbials
Anti-neoplastics

Answer 15

Chemotherapeutics Agents

Question 15

Anti-infectives, Anti-microbials
Anti-neoplastics

Answer 15

Chemotherapeutics Agents

Question 16

Protein molecules whch bind a chemical signaling molecule and undergoars conformational change which activates signaling pathway

Answer 16

Receptors

Question 17

Receptor Types

Answer 17

Type I or Ionotropic Receptors
Type II or Metabotropic Receptors
Type III or Enzyme-linked receptors
Type IV or Nuclear Receptors / Gene Transcription-linked
Receptor

Question 18

Type I Ligand-gated Ion Channels

Answer 18

Ion Channel linked receptors
Controls movement of ions in & out the cell
Effect seen in milliseconds
Location: Cell Membrane

Question 19

Example of Type I or Ionotropic Receptors!

Answer 19

1. Nicotinic receptors (ligand-gated Na channel)
   o Inhibited by NMBs & ganglionic blockers
2. GABAA receptors (CI channel)
   o Inhibitory NT
   o Facilitates influx of CI ions resulting to hyperpolarization
   o Stimulated by benzodiazepines, barbiturates

Barbiturates and benzodiazepenes enhances

Question 20

Type II or G protein-coupled receptor

Answer 20

G-protein linked, coupled receptors
Largest Family
7-transmembrane spanning receptors
increase or decrease of secondary
messengers
Location: cell membrane
Onset: seconds

Question 21

Type III or Enzyme-linked Receptors

Answer 21

Phosphorylation
Stimulation of glucokinase (glycolysis)
Translocation of glucose transporters
(GLUT2, GLUT4) into the cell membrane
Tyrosine Kinase (Insulin)

Question 21

Type III or Enzyme-linked Receptors!

Answer 21

Phosphorylation
Stimulation of glucokinase (glycolysis)
Translocation of glucose transporters
(GLUT2, GLUT4) into the cell membrane

Question 22

Type IV / Gene Transcription-linked Receptor / Nuclear Receptors / Intracellular

Answer 22

Modulate gene transcription
Drugs must be lipophilic
Intracellular
DRUGS: sex hormones, thyroid hormones, Vit D, steroidal hormones (corticosteroids)

Question 23

Location of Receptors

Answer 23

Type I, II, III - Cell Membrane
Type IV - Nucleus / Cytoplasm

Question 24

Main Action of Receptors

Answer 24

Type I - Ion flux
Type II - Second Messengers
Type III - Phosphorylation
Type IV - Gene Transcription

Question 25

Response / Onset Time of Receptors

Answer 25

Type I - Millisec
Type II - Sec
Type III - Minutes
Type IV - Hours

Question 26

Examples of Receptors

Answer 26

Type I - GABA-A, Nicotinic
Type II - Adrenergic Receptors (Alpha, Beta)
Type III - Insulin, Platelet
Type IV - Steroid, Sex Hormones, Non-Steroid

Question 27

Secondary Messengers

Answer 27

a. cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)
b. cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate)
* aforementioned secondary messengers utilizes same signalling cascades
* intestinal mucosa & blood vessels
c. IP3 (inositol triphosphate)
d. DAG (diacylglycerol)

Question 28

Types of G-proteins

Answer 28

a. Gs - stimulates adenylyl cyaclase (AC)
* ex. Beta-receptors
* stimulators: Epi, NE
* Blockers: Beta-blockers (-olols)

b. Gi - inhibits adenylyl cyclase (decrease
cAMP)
* ex. Pre-synaptic Alpha2 receptors!
* stimulators: Clonidine, Methyldopa,
Guanfacine, Guanabenz
* ex M2 receptors

c. Gq - stimulates Phospholipase C (PLC)
* PLC stimulates the formation of IP3 & DAG from PIP2. (increased intracellular Calcium ions =
contraction)
* ex. Alpha1
* blockers: -zosin (Alprazosin)
* ex. M1, M3
* ex. Post-aynaptic Alpha2

Question 29

Adrenergic Receptors

Answer 29

α1: Gq (+) Adenylyl cyclase = DAG, IP3
α2: Gi (-) Adenylyl cyclase = ↓ cAMP
β3: Gs (+) Adenylyl cyclase = ↑ cAMP
β4: Gs (+) Adenylyl cyclase = ↑ cAMP