Cardiovascular Drugs

Question 1

Factors Affecting BP

Answer 1

1. Cardiac Output
2. Systemic Vascular Resistance / Total Peripheral Resistance / Peripheral Vascular Resistance

Question 2

Volume of blood pumped out by the heart per minute

Answer 2

Cardiac Output

Question 3

Cardiac Output

Answer 3

CO = HR x Stroke Volume (vol/min)

Question 4

Blood Pressure

Answer 4

BP = Cardiac Output x SVR

Question 5

Volume of blood pumped out by the heart per contraction or beat

Answer 5

Stroke Volume

Question 6

Volume in the heart prior to contraction or end of relaxation

Answer 6

Preload (end diastolic volume / venous return)

Question 7

Factors affecting Pre-load

Answer 7

• Tone of the veins (pressure) / Capacitance
• Fluid content of the blood (increased Na+ and Water increases preload)

Question 8

TF: Highest pressure in the arteries, Lowest pressure in the veins

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Pressure required by the blood to be ejected from the heart

Answer 9

Systemic Vascular Resistance / Total Peripheral Resistance

Question 10

Factors affecting Afterload

Answer 10

Tone of the arteries (resistance)
Ex. arteriolar vasoconstriction (inc. SVR, BP)

Question 11

Mechanisms of BP Control

Answer 11

1. Baroreceptor Reflex
2. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Question 12

Baroreceptor Reflex

Answer 12

• For short term BP control
• For rapid BP regulation
• Sensory Organs: Carotid Sinus, Aortic Arch
• Stimulus: change in arterial pressure

Question 13

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Answer 13

For long-term BP regulation
Triggers:
* Beta1 activation (heart and juxtaglomerular apparatus)
* Renal hypotension
* Renal hypoperfusion

Question 14

Normal BP Levels

Answer 14

< 120 mmHg
< 80 mmHg

Check in 2 years

Question 15

Prehypertension

Answer 15

Systolic: 120-139
Diastolic: 80-89

Check again in 1 year

Question 15

HTN Stage 1

Answer 15

Systolic: 140 - 159
Diastolic: 90 -99

Confirm within 2 months

Question 16

HTN Stage 2

Answer 16

Systolic: >160
Diastolic: >100

Evaluate 1 week - 1 month

Question 16

JNC 8

Answer 16

< 60 y/o: < 140 / < 90 mmHg
> or 60 y/o: < 150 / < 90 mmHg

Question 17

Essential HTN / Primary HTN

Answer 17

No identifiable cause

Question 18

Secondary HTN

Answer 18

With identifiable cause

Question 19

Renal hypertension during pregnancy

Answer 19

pre-eclampsia, eclampsia

Question 20

Treatment for pre-eclampsia, eclampsia

Answer 20

Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salt IV)

Question 21

Treatment of Hypertension for Pregnant

Answer 21

Methyldopa
Hydralazine
Nifedipine
Labetalol

Question 22

Hypertensive Urgency 180/120

Answer 22

Hypertensive Crisis

Question 23

Treatment for Hypertensive Crisis

Answer 23

PO/SL: Captopril or Clonidine / Nifedipine
IV: Nicardipine (bolus)

Question 24

Therapeutic Goals for Hypertension

Answer 24

Lower BP by altering CO, SVR, BV
Delay or limit subsequent organ pathology