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Pharmachology Flashcards

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0
Q

What three categories are drugs/medications classified by?

A

Body system
Class of agent
Mechanism of action

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1
Q

What are the four major sources that medications have been identified from?

A

Plants
Animals/humans
Minerals
Chemical/synthetic products

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2
Q

What are sympathomimetics?

A

Drugs that mimic the sympathetic nervous system.

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3
Q

What are sympatholytics?

A

Drugs that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

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5
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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6
Q

What is a commonly used parasympatholytic drug used for symptomatic bradycardia and exposure to certain nerve agents?

A

Atropine

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7
Q

How does the drug atropine work?

A

It binds with acetylcholine receptors to prevent the acetylcholine from exerting its effect.

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8
Q

What four stages do drugs go through?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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9
Q

What are the seven forms of medication?

A 
Solid drugs
Liquid drugs
Meter dose inhalers
Topical medications
Transcutaneous medications
Gels
Gases
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10
Q

What three ways are drugs administered?

A

Inhalation route
Enteral route
Parenteral route

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11
Q

What does enteral mean?

A

Drugs that are administered though any portion of the GI tract
(Sublingual, buccal, oral, rectal, nasogastric routes)

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12
Q

What does parenteral mean?

A

Drugs that are administered any route other than GI tract
(Intravenous, intramuscular, intraosseous, subcutaneous, transdermal/transcutaneous, intrathecal, inhalation, intralingual, intradermal, umbilical injection)

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13
Q

What up does intravenous mean?

A

Into the vein

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14
Q

What does intramuscular mean?

A

Into the muscle

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15
Q

What does intraosseous mean?

A

Into the bone

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16
Q

What does subcutaneous mean?

A

Beneath the skin

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17
Q

What does transdermal/transcutaneous mean?

A

Thorough the skin (absorbed medications)

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18
Q

What does intrathecal mean?

A

Within the spinal canal (drug administered into the subarachnoid space)

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19
Q

What does intralingual mean?

A

Within the tongue

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20
Q

What does intradermal mean?

A

Within the skin (TB shots)

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21
Q

What are four drugs that are administered via the endotracheal route? (LEAN)

A

Lidocaine
Epinephrine
Atropine
Naloxene (narcan)

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22
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

The chemical alteration that a substance undergoes in the body

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23
Q

What is the primary organ for biotransformation?

A

The liver

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24
Q

What is idiosyncrasy?

A

A completely unique response in a particular individual

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25
Q

What are the six rights of drug administration?

A 
Right patient
Right drug
Right dose
Right route
Right time
Right documentation
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26
Q

What are elixirs?

A

Preparations taken orally made up of sweetened, aromatic, hydroalcoholic liquid

ALCOHOL MIXTURE

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27
Q

What are syrups?

A

Mixtures with a high sugar content that are designed to disguise the taste of medication

SUGAR MIXTURE

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28
Q

What are emulsions?

A

A mixture of two liquids that are not mutually soluble

OIL MIXTURE

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29
Q

What are six types of liquid drugs?

A 
Suspensions 
Tinctures 
Spirits 
Elixirs 
Syrups 
Emulsions
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30
Q

What does pharmacokinetic mean?

A

The movement of medication through the body

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31
Q

What does pharmacodynamic mean?

A

How the medication changes the body

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32
Q

Drugs that bind to receptors and create a response are called what?

A

Agonists

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33
Q

Drugs that bind to receptors and block other drugs from binding are called what?

A

Antagonists

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34
Q

The minimum concentration required for a drug to produce its desired response is referred to as what?

A

Therapeutic threshold

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35
Q

The difference between a drug’s minimum effective concentration and its toxic level is referred to as what?

A

Therapeutic range

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36
Q

What is potentiation?

A

Enhancement of the action of a drug by the administration of another drug

1➕ 1= 2

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37
Q

What is USP?

A

United States Pharmacopedia

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38
Q

What does idiosyncratic mean?

A

A unique response to a particular individual

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39
Q

What form is activated charcoal administered as?

A

A suspension

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40
Q

What does the abbreviation PRN stands for?

A

“as needed”

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41
Q

What is in iatrogenic response?

A

An adverse condition induced by the treatment given

UTI after catheter

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42
Q

What is assay?

A

An analysis of the drug itself to evaluate its potency

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43
Q

What is bioassay?

A

Procedure to determine the concentration, purity, and or biological activity of a substance by measuring it’s effect on an organism.

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44
Q

What are two techniques to analyze contents of a drug?

A

Assay

Bioassay

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45
Q

What are two types of receptors?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

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46
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

Where nerves and muscles meet.

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47
Q

Where do nicotinic receptors function at?

A

Neuromuscular junctions is somatic muscles

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48
Q

What two things are nicotinic receptors triggered by?

A

Acetylcholine

Nicotine

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49
Q

What two things are muscarinic receptors triggered by?

A

Acetylcholine

Muscarine

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50
Q

What effects do nicotinic receptors cause?

A

Overstimulation of sympathetic nervous system

Tachycardia, hypertension, twitching

51
Q

What effect does muscarinic receptors cause?

A

Overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system

sweating, blurred vision, vomiting, shortness of breath

52
Q

Will five drugs can be given endotracheal?

A 
Narcan
Atropine
Vasopressor
Epinephrine
Lidocaine
53
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

How much of a drug is still active when it reaches its target organ

54
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

All blood coming from the G.I. tract passes through the liver before moving to other parts of the body

55
Q

What are analgesics?

A

Maps that relieve pain

56
Q

What do opioid agonist do?

A

Bind do opiate receptors

57
Q

What are three kinds of opioid agonist?

A

Morphine
Fentanyl
Heroine

58
Q

What do non-opioid analgesics do?

A

Alter production of protaglandins and cyclooxygenase

59
Q

What are three kinds of non-opioid analgesics?

A

Salicylates
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Para-aminophenol derivatives

60
Q

What is an example of a salicylate?

A

Aspirin

61
Q

What is an example of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug?

A

Ibuprofen

62
Q

What is an example of a para-aminophenol derivative?

A

Acetaminophen

63
Q

What are opioid antagonist?

A

Reverse the effects of opiates by binding with opiate receptors

64
Q

What is an example of an opioid antagonist?

A

Naloxone

65
Q

What is an opioid agonist-antagonist?

A

Have agonist and antagonist properties

Reduce pain but do not cause dependents or respiratory depression

66
Q

What is an example of an opioid agonist antagonist?

A

Suboxone

67
Q

What are anesthetics?

A

Drugs intended to induce loss of sensation

68
Q

What are two drugs that are anesthetics?

A

Lidocaine

Epidural

69
Q

What kind of drug is Versed (diazepam)?

A

Benzodiazepine

70
Q

What kind of drug is morphine?

A

Opioid

71
Q

What kind of drug is etomidate?

A

Non barbiturate hypnotic

72
Q

What do benzodiazepines do?

A

Slow brain activity

commonly used before invasive procedure

73
Q

What are two examples of benzodiazepines?

A

Diazepam (Valium)

Midazolam (Versed)

74
Q

What is a barbiturate?

A

Works like benzo’s to slow brain activity

75
Q

What is an example of a barbiturate?

A

Thiopental

76
Q

What are non-barbiturate hypnotics?

A

Work like benzodiazepines and barbiturates but fewer side effects

77
Q

What are two examples of non-barbiturate hypnotics?

A

Etomidate

Propofol

78
Q

What are two examples of anti-convulsants?

A 
Valporic acid (Depakote)
Dilantin
79
Q

What four problems can benzodiazepam and barbiturates be used for?

A

Anxiety
Sedation
Sleep disorder
Convulsion

80
Q

What do central nervous system stimulants do?

A

Increase the release of dopamine and norepinephrine to increase wakefulness and awareness

81
Q

What four things in central nervous system stimulants cause?

A

Tachycardia
Hyperpretension
Seizures
Psychosis

82
Q

What are three examples of CNS stimulants?

A

Amphetamines
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Cocaine

83
Q

What is Ritalin also called?

A

Methylphenidate

84
Q

What do psychotherapeutic drugs do?

A

Block dopamine receptors in the brain

85
Q

What are two main types of psychotherapeutic drugs?

A

Antipsychotic agents

Antidepressants

86
Q

What are two examples of antipsychotic agents?

A

Phenothiazine

Butyrophenon derivatives

87
Q

What are three examples of antidepressants?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Trycyclic antidepressants

88
Q

What are three types of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors? (SSRI)

A

Prosac
Zoloft
Paxil

89
Q

What do anti-cholinergic medications do? (parasympatholytics)

A

Block acetylcholine from the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

90
Q

What is an example of a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist?

A

Atropine

91
Q

What do neuromuscular blocking agents do?

A

Drugs the blog at the neuromuscular junction

92
Q

What are two examples of neuromuscular blocking agents?

A

Succinylcholine

Pancuronium

93
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate what two types of receptors?

A

Dopaminergic receptors

Adrenergic receptors

94
Q

What are four types of Adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2

95
Q

What is a common suffix for beta blockers?

A

-olol

96
Q

What are four types of antiarrhythmic medications?

A

Sodium channel blockers
Beta blockers
Potassium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers

97
Q

What are two kinds of diuretics?

A

Thiazides

Loop diuretics

98
Q

What do thiazides do?

A

Control the sodium and water quantities excreted by the kidneys

99
Q

What do Loop diuretics do?

A

Lower the concentration of sodium and calcium ions in the body

100
Q

What is an example of a loop diuretic?

A

Lasix

101
Q

What is an example of a vasodilator medication?

A

Nitroglycerin

102
Q

What is an example of antiplatelet agents?

A

Aspirin

103
Q

What is an example of an anti-coagulant drug?

A

Coumadin

104
Q

What do fibrinolytic agents do?

A

Dissolve clots

105
Q

What is an example of a fibrinolytic agent?

A

TPA

106
Q

What are two classifications of Acetylsalicylic acid? (ASA-aspirin)

A

Antithrombic

Antipyretic

107
Q

What is the formula for converting lbs to kg?

A

Lbs / 2.2 = kg

Of multiply lbs by .45

108
Q

What is the formula for finding the concentration of a drug?

A

Weight/volume=weight per ml of drug

109
Q

What is the formula for the amount of drug to be administered?

A

Desired dose/ concentration of drug= volumed to administered

110
Q

What is the formula for finding the drip rates of a drug?

A

(Desired dose/ concentration) X GTTS/cc= drops per min of drug

111
Q

What is the principle neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

112
Q

What are the two principle neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

113
Q

The absorption, digestion, metabolism, and excretion of a medication deals primarily with what?

A

Pharmacokinetics

114
Q

The mechanism of action of a drug deals primarily with what?

A

Pharmacodynamics

115
Q

What is the main way drugs are eliminated by?

A

Urine

116
Q

How long should the needle be and what gauge should you use for subcutaneous injections?

A

.5inch-1inch

22-24 gauge

117
Q

How long should the needle be and what gauge should you use for intramuscular injections?

A

1-1.5inch

18 gauge

118
Q

What risk level do you have if there is a large therapeutic index?

A

Low risk

119
Q

What is the most common reason to give IVs?

A

Give fluids

120
Q

How much medication should you administer endotracheally?

A

2-2.5 times the IV dose

121
Q

Alpha 1 and beta 1 deal primarily with what?

A

The heart

122
Q

Alpha 2 and beta 2 deal primarily with what?

A

The lungs

123
Q

What do alpha receptors do?

A

Vasoconstriction

124
Q

What do beta receptors do?

A

Vasodilation

Paramedic (31 decks)

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