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Paramedic > Basic Arrhythmias > Flashcards

Basic Arrhythmias Flashcards

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0
Q

What do electrical cells do?

A

Initiate and conduct impulses

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1
Q

What are the two types of cells in the heart?

A

Electrical cells

Mechanical cells

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2
Q

What do mechanical cells do?

A

Contract in response to stimulation

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3
Q

What is polarization?

A

Electrical charges are balanced and ready for discharge

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4
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Discharge of energy that accompanies the transfer of electrical charges across the cell membrane

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5
Q

What is repolarization?

A

Return of electrical charges to original state

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6
Q

What part of the heart pathway stimulates the mechanical cells?

A

Perkinje fibers

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7
Q

What is the inherent rate of the SA node?

A

60-100

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8
Q

What is the inherent rate of the AV junction?

A

40-60

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9
Q

What is the inherent rate of the ventricles?

A

20-40

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10
Q

What determines what will be the pacemaker?

A

The site with the fastest rate

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11
Q

What is the normal pacemaker?

A

SA node

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12
Q

What is it called when a site speeds up and takes over as pacemaker?

A

Irritability

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13
Q

What is it called when the normal pacemaker slows down or fails and a lower site assumed pacemaker responsibility?

A

Escape

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14
Q

Sympathetic stimulation causes what three things with the heart?

A

Increase heart rate
Increase AV conduction
Increase irritability

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15
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation causes what three things in the heart?

A

Decreased heart rate
Decreased AV conduction
Decreased irritability

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16
Q

What does the sympathetic branch influence in the heart?

A

Both the atria and the ventricles

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17
Q

What does the parasympathetic branch influence in the heart?

A

Atria

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18
Q

Is it negative or positive inside a cardiac cell?

A

Negative

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19
Q

Is it positive or negative outside a cardiac cell?

A

Positive

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20
Q

What electrolyte is inside cardiac cells?

A

Potassium

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21
Q

What electrolyte is outside a cardiac cell?

A

Sodium

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22
Q

What is the isoelectric line?

A

Straight line produced on EKG machine that means no current is flowing

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23
Q

If the flow of electricity is toward the positive electrode what will the EKG machine produce?

A

An upward deflection

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24
Q

If the flow of electricity is toward the negative electrode what will the EKG machine produce?

A

A downward deflection

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25
Q

How much time in between two tic marks?

A

3 seconds

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26
Q

What does the height of the deflection indicate?

A

The voltage

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27
Q

Which lines measure voltage?

A

Horizontal

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28
Q

Which line measures time?

A

Vertical lines

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29
Q

How much time is in between two heavy vertical lines on an EKG graph?

A

.20 seconds

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30
Q

How much time is in between two lite vertical lines on an EKG graph?

A

.04 seconds

1/5th the time of bold vertical lines

31
Q

What are the five waves called in a single cardiac cycle?

A 
P
Q
R
S
T
32
Q

What does an interval refer to?

A

In the area between the waves

33
Q

What does a segment referred to?

A

A straight line or area of electrical inactivity between waves

34
Q

What wave is indicative of atrial depolarization?

A

P wave

35
Q

What is the PR segment indicative of?

A

The delay in the AV node

36
Q

What area of the heart is the slowest conduction speed?

A

AV node

37
Q

Why does the AV node have the slowest conduction speed?

A

To allow time for atrial contraction and complete filling of the ventricles

38
Q

What does the PR interval monitor?

A

All electrical activity in the heart before the impulse reaches the ventricles

39
Q

What is the first negative deflection?

A

The Q wave

40
Q

What does the QRS complex indicate?

A

Ventricular depolarization

41
Q

What is the first positive deflection following the P wave?

A

R wave

42
Q

What is the second negative deflection following the P wave?

A

S wave

43
Q

What wave indicates ventricular repolarization?

A

T wave

44
Q

How long are normal PR intervals?

A

.12-.20 seconds

45
Q

What does a long PRI indicate?

A

Delay in the AV node

46
Q

How do you measure the PR interval?

A

Start at first deflection of p wave
End at final point of PR interval
Don’t include QRS complex

47
Q

How do you measure the QRS complex?

A

Include the beginning of Q wave
End at end of S wave
Do not include ST segment

48
Q

What is the normal time range for QRS complex?

A

Less than .12 second

49
Q

What are 4 causes for artifact on an EKG

A

Muscle tremors/shivering
Patient movement
Loose electrodes
60-cycle interference (Effect of other electrical instruments in room)

50
Q

What two waves on an EKG are the refractory period?

A

QRS wave

T wave

51
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

Small part of the refractory period where some of the charges are polarized and can be depolarizer if the impulse is strong enough

52
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Period when the heart is unable to respond to an impulse

53
Q

What are the two refractory periods called?

A

Absolute refractory period

Relative refractory period

54
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

When absolutely no impulse can cause depolarization

55
Q

When is the relative refractory period?

A

Downward slope of T wave

56
Q

When is the absolute refractory period?

A

QRS interval until the apex of T wave

57
Q

Where is the positive electrode placed?

A

Apex of heart

58
Q

Where is the negative electrode placed?

A

Below right clavicle

59
Q

Where is the ground electrode placed?

A

Below left clavicle

60
Q

What are four of the most common major categories arrhythmias?

A

Sinus
Atrial
Junction
Ventricular

61
Q

A normal healthy heart would be and what rhythm?

A

Normal sinus rhythm

62
Q

What should the R wave correspond with?

A

Pts pulse

63
Q

What does regularly irregular mean?

A

There’s a pattern of irregularity

64
Q

What does basically regular mean?

A

There’s a regular rhythm with a beat or two that interrupts it

65
Q

What does totally irregular mean?

A

There’s no pattern at all

66
Q

How do you determine if a rhythm is regular?

A

Measure RRI

R to R interval

67
Q

To find the rate of a rhythm how much do you divide the total of the small squares?

A

1500

68
Q

To find the rate of a rhythm how much do you divide the total of the large squares?

A

300

69
Q

What does supraventricular mean?

A

Activity occurring above the ventricles

70
Q

What part of the heart conductive system is the fail safe mechanism?

A

The AV node

71
Q

What does fail safe mechanism mean?

A

The AV node protects the ventricles from having to respond to too many impulses from the atria

72
Q

A QRS of less than .12 second is what in origin?

A

Supraventricular

73
Q

What occurs if there is a conduction disturbance in the ventricles?

A

A wide QRS complex

74
Q

What is afterload?

A

Resistance heart must pump against

75
Q

What is preload?

A

The pressure on the ventricles at end of resting phase

76
Q

What are four things preload is influenced by?

A

Blood return to heart
Total volume of blood
Total perfusion
Action of the atria

Paramedic (31 decks)

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