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Paramedic > Hemorrhage And Shock > Flashcards

Hemorrhage And Shock Flashcards

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0
Q

How many millimeters of blood does a typical adult have?

A

Approximately 70 mL/kg

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1
Q

What are four signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock?

A

Rapid, weak pulse
Hypotension
AMS
Cool, clammy skin

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2
Q

At what percent will a body not tolerate an acute loss of blood?

A

Greater than 20%

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3
Q

How are vitals affected if a patient loses more than 1 liter of blood (2 pints)?

A

Increased heart rate
Increase repertory rate
Decrease in blood pressure

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4
Q

How much total blood volume does a 1 year old child have?

A

About 800 mL

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5
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

Low blood volume results in inadequate perfusion

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6
Q

What color is arterial bleeding?

A

Bright red

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7
Q

What color is venous bleeding?

A

Dark red

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8
Q

What color is capillary bleeding?

A

Dark red

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9
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Formation of a clot to plug openings in injured blood vessels and stop blood flow

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10
Q

What is coffee ground emesis a sign of?

A

Upper GI bleeding

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11
Q

What is melena?

A

Passage of dark, tarry stools

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12
Q

What is melena a sign of?

A

Upper GI bleeding

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13
Q

What is hematochezia?

A

Passage of stools containing bright red blood

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14
Q

What is hematochezia a sign of?

A

Bleeding close to the external opening of the colon

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15
Q

What tends to cause hematochezia?

A

Hemorrhoids in the lower colon

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16
Q

What is hematuria?

A

Blood in the urine

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17
Q

What is hematuria a sign of?

A

Serious renal injury or illness

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18
Q

What is a pulse point?

A

Spot where a blood vessel lies near a bone

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19
Q

What are hemostats?

A

Forceps used to clamp ends of vessels

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20
Q

What is the primary use of pneumatic antishock garment?

A

Stabilization of an unstable pelvis, especially when the patient is exhibiting signs of hypoperfusion

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21
Q

What is another name for PASG.

A

MAST

Military antishock trousers

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22
Q

What is the only true contraindication of pneumatic antishock garments (PASG)/military antishock trousers (MAST)?

A

Pulmonary edema

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23
Q

How do you treat suspected skull fracture bleeding?

A

Loosely cover the bleeding site with a sterile gauze pad

Don’t apply excessive pressure due to blood collecting in the head

24
Q

What are the three parts of the cardiovascular system?

A

Pump (heart)
Container (vessels)
Fluid (blood)

25
Q

In the cardiovascular system, what is the pump?

A

The heart

26
Q

In the cardiovascular system, what is the container?

A

Vessels

27
Q

In the cardiovascular system, what is the fluid?

A

Blood

28
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO= HR ✖️ SV (stroke volume)

29
Q

What is the formula for blood pressure?

A

BP= CO ✖️ SVR (systemic vascular resistance)

30
Q

Where are three places that baroreceptors are located?

A

Aortic arch
Carotid sinuses
(As well as most of the large arteries of the neck and thorax)

31
Q

What do baroreceptors monitor?

A

If they sense a decrease blood flow, then it activates the vasomotor center which begins constriction of the vessels which increases blood pressure

Monitors blood pressure

32
Q

What does the vasomotor center do?

A

Oversees changes in the diameter of blood vessels

33
Q

At what systolic BP does does the vasomotor center stimulate?

A

Between a systolic of 60-80 mmHg

34
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

35
Q

How are chemoreceptors simulated?

A

By decreases in PaO2 and increases in PaCO2

36
Q

What do chemoreceptors regulate?

A

Respirations

37
Q

What are three alpha 1 responses of the adrenal medulla?

A

Release of epinephrine for:
Vasoconstriction
Increased peripheral vascular resistance
Increased after load from the arteriolar constriction

38
Q

What two catecholamines are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

Norepinephrine (alpha)

Epinephrine (beta)

39
Q

What is chronotropic?

A

Influences heart rate

40
Q

What is inotropic?

A

Influencing force of contractions

41
Q

What is dromotropic?

A

Influencing heart conductivity

42
Q

What is chronotropic?

A

Influences heart rate

43
Q

What is inotropic?

A

Influencing force of contractions

44
Q

What is dromotropic?

A

Influencing heart conductivity

45
Q

How does epinephrine effect alpha 2?

A

Regulates release of alpha 1

46
Q

What three ways does epinephrine effect beta 1?

A

Increased heart rate
Increased heart contractility
Increase heart conductivity

47
Q

What two ways does epinephrine effect beta 2?

A

Bronchodilation

Gastrointestinal smooth muscle dilation

48
Q

What are spincters under control of?

A

Autonomic nervous system

49
Q

What are the three stages of shock?

A

Compensated
Decompensated
Irreversible

50
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

51
Q

What two things does an orthostatic tilt test determine?

A

Dehydration

Hypovolemia

52
Q

What are the two causes for obstructive shock?

A

Cardiac tamponade

Tension pneumothorax

53
Q

What are three causes of distributive shock?

A

Anaphylaxis
Sepsis
Spinal shock

54
Q

What pulse do you lose as you have decompensated shock?

A

Radial pulse

55
Q

What are indications for PASG/MAST

A

Pelvic fracture with systolic <50

56
Q

PASG/MAST does more harm than good during what five scenarios?

A 
Pregnancy 
Penetrating chest/abdominal injuries
Groin injuries
Major head injuries
Transport time <30 mins
57
Q

What does the build up of lactic acid and carbon dioxide cause in regards to post capillary sphincters?

A

Vasodilation

Paramedic (31 decks)

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