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Paramedic > Cardiovascular Emergencies > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Emergencies Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a bruit? What does it indicate?

A

Abnormal whooshing sound heard over main blood vessel

Indicates turbulent flow within blood vessel

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1
Q

What is a murmur? What does it indicate?

A

Abnormal whooshing sound heard over heart

Indicators turbulent blood flow within heart

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2
Q

What is a bruit usually a sign of?

A

Localized arteriosclerotic disease

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3
Q

What is arteriosclerotic disease?

A

Thickening or hardening of arteries

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4
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Disorder in which cholesterol and other fatty substances build up and form plaque inside walls of blood vessels

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5
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

When heart tissue isn’t getting enough oxygen and causes chest pain for a brief time

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6
Q

What is angina pain described as?

I

A

Crushing
Squeezing
Someone standing on my chest

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7
Q

Chronotroptic state refers to?

A

Hearts rate

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8
Q

Dromotropic state refers to?

A

Hearts conduction

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9
Q

Inotropic state refers to?

A

Hearts strength of contraction

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10
Q

What supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart?

A

Coronary arteries

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11
Q

What is a class of clot busting drugs used to remove plaque from the coronary artery?

A

Fibrinolytics

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12
Q

What are three ways pain from an AMI differs from angina?

A

May or may not be caused by exertion
Doesn’t resolve in a few minutes
May or may not be relieved

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13
Q

What are two classes of drugs that will help cardiogenic shock?

A

Inotropics

Antiarrhythmias

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14
Q

What happens during congested heart failure?

A

The heart fails to pump blood effectively and it backs up into the pulmonary veins

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15
Q

What color sputum occurs with pulmonary edema?

A

Pink frothy sputum

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16
Q

Chronic pedal edema may indicate what?

A

Underlying heart disease (right sides heart failure)

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17
Q

How should you position a patient with congestive heart failure?

A

Sitting up

Not laying down

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18
Q

What is cardiomegaly?

A

Enlarged heart

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19
Q

What can continued hypertension lead to?

A

Stroke

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20
Q

What are some signs of hypertension?

A 
Vertigo
Epistaxis
Tinnitus
Vision changes
Nausea
Seizures
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21
Q

What are four drugs used or cardiac chest pain?

A

Oxygen
Aspirin
Nitroglycerin
Morphine

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22
Q

What does the left coronary artery subdivide into?

A

Left anterior descending artery

Circumflex coronary artery

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23
Q

What electrolyte flows into the cell to initiate depolarization?

A

Sodium (NA+)

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24
Q

What electrolyte flows out of the cell to initiate repolarization?

A

Potassium (K+)

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25
Q

Hypokalemia can lead to what?

A

Increased myocardial irritability

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26
Q

Hyperkalemia can lead to what?

A

Decreased automaticity/conduction

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27
Q

Hypocalcemia can lead to what?

A

Decreased contractility and increased myocardial irritability

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28
Q

Hypercalcemia can lead to what?

A

Increased contractility

29
Q

Which electrolyte maintains depolarization and involved in heart tissue contraction?

A

Calcium (Ca++)

30
Q

What electrolyte stabilizes cell membrane and opposes action of calcium?

A

Magnesium (Mg++)

31
Q

Hypomagnesium can lead to?

A

Decreased conduction

32
Q

Hypermagnesium can lead to?

A

Increased myocardial irritability

33
Q

What agents will affect only the heart?

A

Beta agents

34
Q

The arteries have receptors for what agents?

A

Alpha and beta

35
Q

Alpha agents will cause what?

A

Vasoconstriction

36
Q

Beta agents will cause what?

A

Vasodilation

37
Q

Beta 1 drugs act primary on the?

A

Cardiac beta receptors

38
Q

Beta 2 drugs act primarily on the?

A

Pulmonary beta receptors

39
Q

What kind of agent is norepinephrine (levophed)?

A

Sympathetic agent (primarily alpha)

Causes vasoconstriction

40
Q

S1 heart sounds occur when which valves close?

A

Tricuspid and mitral valves

41
Q

S2 heart sounds occur when which valves close?

A

Semi lunar valves:

Pulmonary and aortic valve

42
Q

When s3 heart sounds are heard in older adults, what does that indicate?

A

Heart failure

43
Q

Which lead tracing is most useful on an ECG?

A

Lead 2

44
Q

What are two main groups of leads?

A

Limb leads

Precordial leads

45
Q

What leads are limb leads?

A 
I
II
III
aVR
aVL
aVF
46
Q

What are bipolar leads?

A

Leads that contain a positive and negative pole

47
Q

Which leads are bipolar?

A

I
II
III

48
Q

What are augmented unipolar leads?

A

Has one true pole while the other end of the lead is referenced against a combination of other leads

49
Q

What leads are augmented unipolar leads?

A

aVR
aVL
aVF

50
Q

What is the j point?

A

Point in ECG where QRS complex ends and ST segment begins

It depresses or elevates if myocardium is ischemic

51
Q

What are precordial leads?

A

6 limb leads you attach with 12 lead

V1-V6

52
Q

What leads look at the septum?

A

V1

V2

53
Q

What leads look at the anterior wall of left ventricle?

A

V3

V4

54
Q

Which leads look at the lateral wall of the left ventricle?

A

V5
V6
I
aVL

55
Q

Which leads look at the inferior wall of the left ventricle?

A

II
III
aVF

56
Q

What is a vector?

A

Term to describe the direction and force of an electrical charge

57
Q

What is an electrical axis?

A

The sum of all the vectors

58
Q

What’s the axis if lead 1 is positive and aVF is positive?

A

Normal axis

59
Q

What is the axis if lead 1 is positive and aVF is negative?

A

Left axis deviation

60
Q

What is the axis if lead 1 is negative and aVF is positive?

A

Right axis deviation

61
Q

What is the axis if lead 1 is negative and aVF is negative?

A

Extreme right axis deviation

62
Q

What happens to axis deviation if one of the ventricles is enlarged?

A

More electrical energy is contributed with larger ventricle and causing the vector to point in the direction of enlargement

63
Q

What happens to axis deviation if one of the ventricles is infarcted?

A

No electrical activity is being contributed to dead tissue and vector with point away from it

64
Q

Which leads do you look at to determine axis deviation?

A

I

aVF

65
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A

Physiological response during 4-5 decade that creates different pathways for blood flow in case of an occlusion

66
Q

ST segment that that depresses below the isoelectric lines is considered?

A

Ischemia

67
Q

ST segment that elevated above the isoelectric line is considered?

A

Myocardial injury

68
Q

What are two primary causes for left atrial enlargement?

A

Systemic hypertension

Mitral/aortic stenosis

69
Q

What primarily caused right atrial enlargement?

A

Chronic pulmonary disorders

70
Q

How do you see right atrial enlargement on an EKG?

A

P wave has amplitude greater than 2.5mm in lead 2 and/or higher than 1.5 in V1

71
Q

How do you determine left atrial enlargement on EKG?

A

P wave longer than 110 ms in lead II
Notched P wave
P wave in V1 primarily negative

Paramedic (31 decks)

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