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Human Systems Flashcards

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0
Q

What is Physiology?

A

The study of the body functions in a living organism

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1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

The study of the structure of an organism and its parts.

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2
Q

What is Pathophysiology?

A

The study of body functions of a living organism in an abnormal state

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3
Q

What are the five body cavities?

A 
Cranial
Spinal
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
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4
Q

What is the coronal (frontal) plane?

A

A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.

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5
Q

What is the sagittal (lateral) plane?

A

A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.

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6
Q

What is the transverse (axial) plane?

A

A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of solutes (particles) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

HIGH TO LOW

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8
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of a solvent (usually water) from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

LOW TO HIGH

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9
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The process in which a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of the cell; energy is not required

NO ENERGY NEEDED

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10
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of a substance against their concentration or gradient; requires energy

NEED ENERGY TO MOVE

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11
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Building phase of metabolism, where smaller molecules are converted to larger molecules

SMALL TO BIG

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12
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The break-down phase of metabolism, in which larger molecules are converted to smaller molecules

BIG TO SMALL

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13
Q

What does cellular respiration create?

A

Energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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14
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain called?

A

Frontal (in the front)
Parietal (behind frontal)
Occipital (in the back)
Temporal (on the sides under parietal)

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15
Q

What four things does the frontal lobe control?

A

Voluntary motor action
Conscious thought
Personality
Speech

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16
Q

What four things does the parietal lobe control?

A

Language
Taste
Sensory info
Body awareness

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17
Q

What does the occipital lobe control?

A

Vision

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18
Q

What two things does the temporal lobe control?

A

Hearing

Memory

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19
Q

What does the cerebrum control?

A

Higher thought processes

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20
Q

What two things does the cerebellum control?

A

Muscle movement

Balance

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21
Q

What two things does the diencephalon contain?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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22
Q

What three things does the thalamus do?

A

Processes sensory input
Influences mood
General body movements

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23
Q

What two things does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates body temperature, respiration, and heartbeat

Directs hormone secretions of the pituitary gland

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24
Q

What three things does the brainstem consist of?

A

Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Pons
Medulla

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25
Q

What two things does the brain stem do?

A

Controls functions necessary for life

Plays a roll in consciousness

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26
Q

The CNS (brain and spinal chord) is enclosed by what?

A

Meninges

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27
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

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28
Q

The outer most and toughest layer of the meninges is called what?

A

Dura mater

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29
Q

What is the middle layer of the meninges that contain spider webs of blood vessel?

A

Arachnoid

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30
Q

What is the inner layer of the meninges that rests on the brain and spinal chord?

A

Pia Mater

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31
Q

What do afferent tracts of the spinal chord do?

A

Carry sensory info from the body to the brain

ASCENDING FIBERS

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32
Q

What do efferent tracts of the spinal chord do?

A

Carry motor impulses from the brain to the peripheral nervous system

DESCENDING FIBERS

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33
Q

What two neurotransmitters do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system secrete?

A

Either acetylcholine or norepinephrine

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34
Q

What is a neuron that secretes acetylcholine?

A

Cholinergic fiber

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35
Q

What is a neuron that secretes norepinepherine?

A

Adrenergic Fiber

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36
Q

What three things does the pancreas produce?

A

Digestive enzymes
Insulin
Glucagon

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37
Q

In the pancreas, what specialized groups of cells produce insulin and glucagon?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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38
Q

At the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, what do alpha cell secrete?

A

Glucagon

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39
Q

At the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, what do beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin

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40
Q

What two things do the adrenal glands manufacture and secrete?

A

Manufacture and secrete sex hormones and certain hormones that are vital in maintaining body’s salt and water balance

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41
Q

What is the middle part of the adrenal glands called?

A

Medulla

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42
Q

In adrenal glands, what two things does the medulla produce?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

43
Q

In the adrenal gland, what does the hormone “mineralocorticoids” do?

A

Balances salt and water levels

44
Q

In adrenal glands, what three things does the hormone “Glucocorticoids” do?

A

Regulation of blood glucose
Metabolism of fat
Inhibition of inflammation

45
Q

What are red blood cells also called?

A

Erythrocytes

46
Q

What are white blood cells also called?

A

Leukocyctes

47
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The space between the lungs in the center of the chest

48
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A thick, fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart

49
Q

What two things does the pericardium do?

A

Anchors heart in the mediastinum,

Prevents over distention of the heart

50
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A

Inner membrane of the pericardium

51
Q

What are two layers of the serous pericardium?

A

Visceral layer

Parietal layer

52
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located in the heart?

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

53
Q

Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located in the heart?

A

Between the left atrial and left ventricle

54
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located in the heart?

A

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

55
Q

Where is the aortic valve located in the heart?

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

56
Q

When does systole occur?

A

When the heart contracts and pumps blood from the heart valves and into the arteries

57
Q

When does diastole occur?

A

When the heart relaxes and fills up with blood

58
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped through the circulatory system in one minute

59
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected from the heart per contraction

60
Q

Stroke volume times Heart rate equals?

A

Cardiac output

61
Q

What is Starlings law of the heart?

A

The length of the fibers of the myocardium determines the force of the heartbeat. An increase in diastolic filling equals an increase in the force of the heartbeat.

62
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

Three lobes

63
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

Two lobes

64
Q

What membrane of connective tissues covers the lungs

A

Viscera pleura

65
Q

What covers the viscera pleura (pleura cavity) of the lungs?

A

Parietal pleura

66
Q

Where is the respiratory center located?

A

In the medulla

67
Q

What is the main stimulation of respiration?

A

Accumulation of carbon dioxide

68
Q

What three things make up the large intestine?

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum

69
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

Fluid found within the cell that is potassium rich

70
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

Fluid outside the cells that is sodium rich

71
Q

What do epithelial tissue do?

A

Lines all tubes in the body

72
Q

What are four structures of the dermis

A

Sweat glands
Hair follicles
Blood vessels
Specialized nerve endings

73
Q

What word means the functional unit of an organ?

A

Parenchyma

Parenchyma of the lungs is alveoli
(Of cardiac system is the heart muscle)

74
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another “target” neuron

75
Q

What two structural and functional categories are Adrenergic receptors classified as?

A

Alpha and Beta

76
Q

What effect does alpha 1 particles have regarding adrenergic receptors?

A

Vasoconstriction

77
Q

What effect does alpha 2 particles have regarding adrenergic receptors?

A

Vasodilation

78
Q

What effect does beta 1 particles have regarding adrenergic receptors?

A

Cardiac stimulation

79
Q

What effect does beta 2 particles have regarding adrenergic receptors?

A

Bronchodilation

80
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

81
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The cessation of bleeding

82
Q

When is the enzyme thrombin formed?

A

When a blood vessel is injured

83
Q

What happens when thrombin is formed?

A

Fibrinogen turns to fibrin, causing a mature clot

84
Q

What is automaticity?

A

Ability of heart to generate impulse without any stimulus

85
Q

What makes heart sounds?

A

Closing of valves in heart

(Mitral+tricuspid at systole
Aortic and pulmonic at diastole)

86
Q

What artery carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

87
Q

What vein carries oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary vein

88
Q

What is another word for hypoperfusion?

A

Shock

89
Q

What are the four kinds of shock?

A

Hypovolemic
Distributive
Cardiogenic
Obstructive

90
Q

Where is the division of the upper and lower airway?

A

At the glottis

91
Q

Why does the left lung have two lobes?

A

The heart takes up space

92
Q

What is it called when falling oxygen levels stimulate breathing?

A

Hypoxic drive

93
Q

What do antidiuretic hormone do?

A

Prevent you from peeing all the time

94
Q

What is the ph of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

95
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Compound that repeatedly neutralizes excess acids or bases

96
Q

What system is the fastest way to get rid of access acid?

A

Respiratory system

97
Q

What is the order of the cardiac conduction system? (5)

A 
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of his
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
98
Q

What is the term for having a stiff neck?

A

Nuchal rigidity

99
Q

What are the three layers of a blood vessel?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventita

100
Q

What is the inner most layer of the blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima

101
Q

What is the middle layer of the blood vessel?

A

Tunica media

102
Q

What is the outer layer of the blood vessel?

A

Tunica adventitia

103
Q

When does coronary circulation occur in the heart?

A

During the diastolic phase

104
Q

What is the formula for measuring blood pressure?

A

BP= cardiac output ✖️ SVR (systemic vascular resistance)

Paramedic (31 decks)

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