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Board Review > Pharm Review > Flashcards

Pharm Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The % of medication that reaches systemic circulation

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2
Q

What are the different methods of absorption?

A 
oral 
Sublingual
inhalation
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intravenous
Transdermal/topical
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3
Q

What re the the 4 stages of the medication cycle?

A

absorption
distribution
Metabolism
elimination

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4
Q

When is a drug “active”?

A

When it is unbound to to a protein

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5
Q

What happens if there is too much unbound drug in the system?

A

drug toxicity

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6
Q

Where are sites that drugs may accumulate and be slowly released?

A

sites of fat stores

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7
Q

What is Asprin and what are its effects?

A 
inhibits COX, thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis
-Antipyretic
-Analgesic
anti-inflammatory
antiplatelet
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8
Q

What are some side effects of Asprin?

A

GI upset

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9
Q

Adverse effects of Asprin?

A

prolonged bleeding times
GI ulceration
Allergic reactions

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10
Q

What is the common name for NSAID’s?

A

Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)

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11
Q

What are the effects of ibuprofen?

A

Antipyretic
analgesic
anti-inflammatory

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12
Q

What are the side effects of ibuprofen?

A

fluid retention and edema (problem in renal dysfx, CHF)

GI irritation

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13
Q

What are some drug reactions

A

Coumadin
Alcohol
Decreases lithium clearance (inc blood levels)

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14
Q

What are glucocortorticosteroids used for?

A

RA

DJD

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15
Q

What are some side effects/adverse effects for glucocortorticosteroids?

A 
Adrenal insufficienct
Immunosuppression
Depression, anxiety, euphoria, "mood swings"
cataracts
cushingoid state(moon face) acne stretch marks on extremities
fluid retention
hyperglycemia
osteoporosis
myopathy
GI disturbances
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16
Q

what are three other agents used with arthritis?

A

capsacian
glucosamine
chondroitin

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17
Q

What are DMARD’s used for?

A

active continuing inflammatory disease. Stop inflammation and joint destruction

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18
Q

When is it best to use DMARDS?

A

Early and agressively

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19
Q

What is methotrexate?

A

A DMARD. Also used as an anti cancer agent

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20
Q

Side effects and adverse effects of methotrexate?

A

hepatic dysfxn
GI disturbances
Blood complications

21
Q

What are some nonpharmolacological agents used for osteoporosis prevention?

A 
Vitamin D and calcium. Vit D facilitates absorption of calcium from GI tract.
-weight bearing exercises
-stopping smoking
dec alcohol consumption
decrease caffeine intake
22
Q

What are Biphosphonates?

A

Inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption without affecting bone formation. Used for osteoporosis

23
Q

Common Biphosphonates?

A

Alendronate
Etidronate
Teriparatide

24
Q

What hormone is used to diminish osteoclastic activity?

A

calcitonin

25
Q

What is another name for Diazepam?

A

Valium, muscle relaxant

26
Q

How does diazepam act on the body?

A

Acts centrally in supra spinal centers and spinal intraneurons

27
Q

What is diazepam used for?

A

Treating muscle spasm

28
Q

What is tizanidine?

A

A muscle relaxant, aka zanaflex

29
Q

How does tizanidine act?

A

Acts in the spinal cord as an adrenergic agonist

30
Q

What is tizanidine used to treat?

A

Used to treat spasticity

31
Q

What is a side effect of tizanidine?

A

hypotension

32
Q

What type of medications are clorzoxaone, cyclobenzaprine (flexeril), carisoprodol, methocarbamol(robaxin), and orphenadrine?

A

Muscle relaxants

33
Q

What is baclofen?

A

Muscle Relaxant which is used to treat spasticity or reduce painful flexor or extensor spasm.

34
Q

What does Baclofan act on?

A

inhibits release of neurotransmitters in the brain and spinal cord

35
Q

What are some side effects of baclofan

A

drowsiness

increased seizures if pt has epilepsy

36
Q

What is dantrolene?

A

Muscle relaxant used for chronic spasticity

37
Q

Where does dantrolene act?

A

Acts locally on muscle fibers to block release of calcium

38
Q

What are the main categories of antihypertensive medications?

A

Alpha-Adrenergic blockers
Beta-adrenergic blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics

39
Q

How do Alpha-1 blockers work?

A

Block alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle allowing arterial and venous vasodilation

40
Q

How do alpha-2 blockers work?

A

stimulate alpha-2 receptors in the brainstem which decrease sympathetic NS signals. Results:
decreased HR, peripheral resistance, blood pressure

41
Q

How do beta-blockers work?

A

decrease cardiac output by slowing HR

42
Q

What are the different types of beta blockers?

A

nonselective beta blockers-block beta-1 and 2 receptors

selective beta blockers-block Beta 1 receptors only

43
Q

Who should not be on beta blockers?

A

angina, COP and diabetes

44
Q

Side effects of beta blockers

A

sleep disturbances
mental status changes (depression and disorientation)
Cold extremeties

45
Q

What are calcium channel blockers?

A

inhibit the influx of calcium ions to myocardial and vascular cells. contractile process is inhibited allowing vasodilatation in coronary arteries and decrease peripheral resistance to blood flow.

46
Q

Side effects of calcium channel blockers?

A

significant bradycardia

flushing, headache, ankle swelling, reflex tachycardia

47
Q

How do diuretics work?

A

incerases urine volume resulting in decreased vascular resistance.

48
Q

What medication is used for angina?

A

Nitrates which cause peripheral vasodilatation which causes blood to pool in legs

Board Review (19 decks)

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