Pathology

Question 1

What is dyalisis and what is it used for?

Answer 1

Used to clean out toxic end products of metabolism (urea, creatinine ,and others) during renal failure when the kidneys are unable to do it themselves

Question 2

How does hemodialysis work?

Answer 2

blood is removed from the body and filtered across a membrane to remove impurities

Question 3

Where should you avoid vitals in a patient receiving dialysis?

Answer 3

Avoid taking blood pressure in the arm with an arteriovenous fistula (connects the radial artery and cephalic vein used for long term dialysis access.)

Question 4

What type of risk would a patient on dialysis have with exercise?

Answer 4

Risk of hemorrhage due to being on anticoagulant during treatment

Question 5

When is PT best done for patients undergoing dialysis?

Answer 5

best done on days off from dialysis

Question 6

what is the most effective agent in dealing with treatment areas contaminated by body fluids of a patient with HIV/AIDS

Answer 6

Bleach

Question 7

How may a patient appear if they are undergoing anticoagulation therapy and their platelet count is low?

Answer 7

Ecchymosis, or hemorrhage/bruise

Question 8

What is an indolent wound?

Answer 8

A long standing often painless wound that is very slow to heal and is a characteristic of a venous insufficiency ulcer

Question 9

What is induration?

Answer 9

The hardening of the skin around an ulcer, often occurring with pressure sores or venous insufficiency ulcers.

Question 10

What is maceration?

Answer 10

The softening and deterioration of the skin or wound as a result of moisture

Question 11

What is a purulent wound?

Answer 11

A wound that contains pus and is infected

Question 12

What is cellulitis? What is its appearance?

Answer 12

An inflammation of the connective tissue frequently accompanied by infection.
Tends to be widespread and poorly defined

Question 13

How can you tell if it someone has cellulitis?

Answer 13

The skin over the area is hot, red and edematous often resembling the skin of an orange

Question 14

What is the treatment for cellulitis?

Answer 14

Antibiotics, elevation of the part and cool wet dressings

Question 15

What is dermatitis? What is its appearance?

Answer 15

Superficial inflammation of the skin, characterized by vesicles (when acute), redness, edema, oozing, crusting, scaling and usually itching.

Question 16

How do you diagnose dermatitis?

Answer 16

skin changes and patient history

Question 17

What is a DVT? what happens if it breaks free?

Answer 17

an abnormal formation of a blood clot in a deep vein. If it breaks free it may become a pulmonary embolism.

Question 18

How do you differentiate DVT from other diagnoses?

Answer 18

Skin may appear cyanotic, may be warm door or of normal temp

pain tenderness or swelling and a positive venogram

Question 19

What is hemophilia?

Answer 19

A bleeding disorder that is inherited and has to do with clotting factor deficiencies.

Question 20

What is hepatitis?

Answer 20

Inflammation of the liver that may be caused by viral or bacterial infections or chemical agents.

Question 21

How is hepatitis transmitted?

Answer 21

from blood, bodily fluids or body tissues, through oral or sexual contact or contaminated needles (hep b)

Question 22

What is herpes zoster?

Answer 22

Acute central nervous system viral infection involving the dorsal root ganglion

Question 23

What are the characteristics of herpes zoster?

Answer 23

vesicular eruption and neuralgic pain in the cutaneous areas supplied by peripheral sensory nerves arising along the infected dermatome or myotome

Question 24

What is intermittent claudication?

Answer 24

symptom of arterial insufficiency that results in ischemia to the excessing muscle.

Question 25

How is intermittent claudication relieved?

Answer 25

resting the exercising extremity

Question 26

What are the differentials for intermittent claudication?

Answer 26

• weak peripheral pulses or absent, with Bruits
• limb elevation will result in pallor and dependent position will cause rub or
• BP measurements will be weaker in affected extremity

Question 27

What is Lyme disease?

Answer 27

An inflammatory disease caused by a spirochete transmitted to humans by a tick bite

-common in the northeast

Question 28

What is the differential diagnosis for Lyme disease?

Answer 28

“Bulls eye” rash and flu-like symptoms. Later developments can include arthritis (knees usually) neurological disorders such as neuritis, ataxia or meningitis and cardiac abnormalities.

Question 29

What is Psoriasis? What can it be associated with?

Answer 29

A chronic disease of the skin with erythematous plaques covered with a silvery scale. Common on scalp, knees, elbows and genitalia. May be associated with psoriatic arthritis and joint pain.

Question 30

What is scleroderma?

Answer 30

progressive systemic sclerosis, a chronic diffuse disease of connective tissues causing fibrosis of the skin, joints, blood, vessels and internal organs.

Question 31

What is scleroderma usually accompanied by?

Answer 31

Accompanied by Raynaud’s phenomenon, which is excessively reduced blood flow due to cold or emotional stress.