pharm flash

Question 1

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

What the drug does to the body

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

What the body does to the drug

Question 3

Adverse drug event

Answer 3

ADR + all other bad outcomes (prescribing, pharmacy, administration)

Question 4

Adverse drug reaction

Answer 4

side effects in body

Question 5

Drug phase 1

Answer 5

small number of healthy volunteers, assess safety/toxicity/ pharmacokinetics

Question 6

Drug phase 2

Answer 6

Small number of people with disease, assess efficacy/ optimal dosing/ adverse effects

Question 7

Drug phase 3

Answer 7

Large number of patients randomly assigned to treatment or placebo, compare new treatment to others

Question 8

Drug phase 4

Answer 8

postmarketing surveillance, detect long-term adverse effects

Question 9

Agonist

Answer 9

stimulates a receptor to produce signal

Question 10

Antagonist

Answer 10

Blocks agonist from producing signla, has no effect by itself

Question 11

Emax

Answer 11

efficacy, maximum effect produced by agonist

Question 12

EC50

Answer 12

concentration of agonist that produces 50% of Emax. Potency

Question 13

Theraputic index (TI)

Answer 13

LD50/ED50. Measure of clinical drug safety

Question 14

Margin of safety

Answer 14

LD1/ED99

Question 15

Kd

Answer 15

[agonist] at which 1/2 of receptors are occupied by A. Low Kd = tighter binding, higher affinity, slower dissociation

Question 16

partial agonist

Answer 16

acts at same site as agonist, but with decreased maximum effect

Question 17

competitive antagonist

Answer 17

shift curve right (decrease potency)

Question 18

noncompetitive antagonist

Answer 18

shift curve down (decrease efficacy), cannot be overcome by increasing agonist conc.

Question 19

irreversible antagonist

Answer 19

shift curve right (if spare receptors present), shift curve down (decrease efficacy) if no spare receptors available

Question 20

Drug most common absorption pathway

Answer 20

Passive diffusion, rate determined by lipid solubility (depending on pH)

Question 21

Volume of distribution (Vd)

Answer 21

Vd = D/Co . low protein binding= high Vd (as drug moves into tissue). For a given patient Vd=L/kg

Question 22

First pass effect

Answer 22

presystematic clearance of oral dose of drug

Question 23

ammonium cl- (NH4Cl)

Answer 23

used to lower urine pH, make it more acidic, enhance clearance of weak bases

Question 24

sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

Answer 24

used to raise urine pH, make it more basic, enhance clearance of weak acids

Question 25

Elimination rate constant (K)

Answer 25

0.693/t^1/2 units=hr^-1. T^1/2 cannot be determined until absorption is complete

Question 26

Clearance (Cl)

Answer 26

Vd*K units=L/hr

Question 27

Steady state conc. (Css)

Answer 27

K/Cl units=mg/L. Or K=Css*Cl. It take 4t^1/2 to reach Css

Question 28

Loading dose (Dl)

Answer 28

Css*Vd units=mg