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microbiolgy flash Flashcards

1
Q

Questions

A

Answers

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2
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

High enough energy to knock electron out of orbit. Ex. X-ray, UV is NOT

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3
Q

mole

A

6.02x10^23 particles

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4
Q

molar

A

6.02x10^23 particles dissolved to final volume of 1L

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5
Q

pH

A

is equal to -log [H+]

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6
Q

cofactor

A

May be needed for a functional catalytic site (Ex. Fe or Zn)

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7
Q

coenzyme

A

NAD+ or FAD (both are vitamin derivatives)

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8
Q

artifacts

A

loss of tissue

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9
Q

Metachromasia

A

Change in color of stain due to interaction with cellular or extracellular components

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10
Q

Periodic Acid Shift (PAS)

A

Stains glycoproteins

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11
Q

Haemotoxylin

A

Stains acids (or basophilic)(neg. charge) structures blue. Nucleus, RNA

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12
Q

Eosin

A

Stains basic (or acidophilic)(+ charge) structures red

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13
Q

Diffuse through membrane

A

Lipid soluble (uncharged) molecules. Ex. water

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14
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell is sampling enviroment, non-specific intake

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15
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

proteins bind and a vesicle then forms to bring components into cell

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Pseudopodia extend and engulf item (Ex. Bacteria)

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton composition

A

Made of polymerized subunits (including soluble cytoskeleton subunits). Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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18
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow, polar, (+) end grows/shrinks. Function: Forms tracks for ATPase, form cilia, flagella, centriole and mitotic spindles

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19
Q

Dynein

A

Move to (-) end of microtubule

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20
Q

Kinesine

A

Move toward (+) end of microtubule

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21
Q

Cilia

A

9+2 arrangment, made of microtubules

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22
Q

Centrioles

A

Mone pair per cell, each has 9 triplets of microtubules at right angles. Located in center of cell. Attach to mitotic spindles to help cell divide

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23
Q

Spindle MT

A

Spindle integrity and elongation

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24
Q

Kinetochore MT

A

chromosome seperation

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25
Q

Microfilaments

A

Assembled from actin, formsvery small polar, helical array, grow on (+), shrink on (-). Function: microvilli, cytokinesis

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26
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Function: Desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, maintain tissue level integrity, Can be used to determine origin of tumor

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27
Q

Lysosome

A

Origin: ER/golgi. Fuse with endosomes, phagosomes and agred organelles. Mannose-6-P distinguishes. Proton pumps in membrane to lower pH

28
Q

Peroxisome

A

Oxidation reactions for long chain FA, produces H2O2 (degraded by catalase). Origin: ER

29
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Accumulation of heme

30
Q

Protein syn. Finishes in cystol target to:

A

Cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes, or exocytosis

31
Q

SRP

A

signal recognition particle that recognizes string of neutral AA, arrests protein synthesis, lines up the docking protein on the ER and then releases for translation to continue

32
Q

Proteins syn. In ER/golgi target to:

A

Secretion, lysosome, golgi, ER

33
Q

sER

A

Function: lipid metabolism, glycogen metabolism, detoxification, Ca2+ sequestration

34
Q

Tetracyclin

A

Antibiotic that disrupts bacterial ribosomes

35
Q

rER

A

Post translational modification of proteins

36
Q

Golgi

A

Center most organelle. Function: carb addition/ modification, mannose-6P addition, sulfation, phosphorylation, cleavage

37
Q

capsid

A

Protein protective coat

38
Q

Virion

A

Protein protective coat + RN/DNA

39
Q

DNA Viruses

A

ReDIEL: replicate in nucleus, ds, isosahedral virions, enveloped, linear genome

40
Q

Retroviruses

A

Viruses that use DNA intermediate. Requires RNA-dep-RNA-pol., non-infectious, undergoes reverse transcription

41
Q

(+) sense RNA

A

Infectious, does not require RNA dep. RNA pol., infectious, translation

42
Q

(-) sense RNA

A

Requires RNA-dep-RNA-pol., non-infectious, transcription

43
Q

ds RNA

A

Requires RNA-dep-RNA-pol., non-infectious, transcription

44
Q

RNA virus

A

ReSHEL: replicated in cytoplasm, ss, helical, enveloped, linear genome

45
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Bacteria that infect viruses. Outer protein than encloses genetic material

46
Q

Quasispecies

A

group of related viruses that exist wthin an individual at one point in time

47
Q

Reassortment

A

Co-infection of a cell by 2 viruses that then exchange genes. Generates viral diversity

48
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number, takes place in tissues capable of cell division (neurons, cardiac m., skeletal m. do not undergo

49
Q

Neoplasia

A

Abnormal increase in cell number

50
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

51
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in size or number of cells

52
Q

Metaplasia

A

Adaptive response to persistant stress, replace one type of cell with another. Often reversible if irritant is removed

53
Q

Dysplasia

A

Preneoplastic change that involved cellular atypia (abberant maturation, enlarged nuclei, nuclear hyperchromasia)

54
Q

Liver steatosis

A

Lipid accumulation in liver, can lead to atherosclerosis

55
Q

Prokaryote

A

no nuclear envelope, single circular plasmid, cell wall (peptidoglycan), no carbs, 70s ribosome

56
Q

Eukaryote

A

Bound nucleus, multiple chromosomes, organelles, no peptidoglycan, sterols and carbs present, 80s ribosome

57
Q

Gram (+)

A

Retain crystal violet, has thick cell wall and no outer membrane, teichoic acid

58
Q

Gram (-)

A

Retain safarin red counter stain, has outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide, lipid A (has endotoxin activity), lysozyme resistant

59
Q

Beta-lactam

A

Enters bacteria and leads to membrane destruction and autolysins

60
Q

Prophage

A

Virus integrated into host chromosome

61
Q

Plasmid

A

Circular, dsDNA, small (5-100 genes), have origin of replication

62
Q

Transformation

A

DNA fragments uptaken into bacterial cell

63
Q

Transduction

A

When virus is packaging viral DNA some host DNA is included and carrier to new host

64
Q

Conjugation

A

Bacteria with F(fertility)+ factor makes sex pilli that conjugates with F-

65
Q

Episome

A

Plasmid integrated into host chromosome

66
Q

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

A

Impaired ciliary movement due to loss of inner or out dynein arms. Sym: sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus, male immobile sperm, female fertility trouble

67
Q

Epidermolytic bullosa simplex (EBS)

A

Mutation in keratin resulting in skin shearing due to lack of intermediate filaments

Molecular fundamentals (20 decks)

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