immunology

Question 1

Innate immunity

Answer 1

Non, specific, constitutive, rapidly available, no memory. Ex. Macrophage, NK cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, complement, skin, pH

Question 2

Adaptive immunity

Answer 2

Acuqired immunity, memory, inducible, specific for Ag. Include humoral (B cells, Ab, Ig) and cellular (T cells)

Question 3

Primary response

Answer 3

lag phase after introduction to Ag before primary response is given

Question 4

Secondary response

Answer 4

Memory immune response, shorter lag, higher levels of Ab, longer persistance

Question 5

Epitope/ Antigenic determinant

Answer 5

portion of Ag molecule that makes contact with the Ag binding site

Question 6

Immunogenic

Answer 6

Ag capable of inducing immune response

Question 7

Multiple myeloma

Answer 7

Tumor of plasma cells, usually found in bone marrow, high levels of monoclonal Ig, bence-jones protein (abnormal light chain dimer found in urine)

Question 8

Hybridoma

Answer 8

Monoclonal Ab. Made from fusion of normal B cell (expressed Ig) and myeloma (no Ig, but immortile)

Question 9

IgG and IgA

Answer 9

Both are divided into subclasses (gives total of 9 Heavy chain subtypes)

Question 10

Heavy chains

Answer 10

Difference in C regions

Question 11

Hypervariable regions

Answer 11

also known as complementarity determining region (CDRs). 3 regions on H and L chains

Question 12

IgM

Answer 12

Pentameric with J chain. Gives primary response. RBC blood type. Complement (like IgG)

Question 13

IgA

Answer 13

Dimeric with J chain and secretory component (helps stabilize dimer). Location: mucosal tissue

Question 14

IgG

Answer 14

Most abundant. Corss placental barrier (maternal immunity). Gives secondary response. Opsonization and complement.

Question 15

IgD

Answer 15

Low levels

Question 16

IgE

Answer 16

Low levels. Allergies

Question 17

Opsonization

Answer 17

IgG binds bacteria and allows phagocytic cells to bind viaa IgG Fc region to aid in phagocytosis. Mediated by C3b and IgG

Question 18

Active immunization

Answer 18

Immunized individual gets immunity to specific Ag

Question 19

Passive immunization

Answer 19

Transfer of pre-formed Ab allowing temporary protection (ex. Maternal immunity, anti-toxin)

Question 20

Affinity

Answer 20

measure of interaction

Question 21

Affinity

Answer 21

measure of strength of binding

Question 22

Hapten

Answer 22

Small, non-immunogenic molecule

Question 23

Carrier

Answer 23

large, immunogenic molecule

Question 24

Ab Titer

Answer 24

dilution of antiserum containing specific Ab to determine levels of Ab

Question 25

Isohemagglutins

Answer 25

naturally occuring Ab against AB blood groups. IgM

Question 26

Coombs

Answer 26

Anti-human Ig

Question 27

Direct Coombs test

Answer 27

Add coombs (anti-human Ig) to fetal serum, agglutination means fetus has Rh-Ab

Question 28

Indirect Coombs test

Answer 28

Add Rh+ cells to mothers serum, agglution means mother has Rh-Ab

Question 29

RhoGam

Answer 29

anti-Rh

Question 30

Complement pathway

Answer 30

Alternative, Lectin, Classical. Involves cellular lysis, opsonization (C3b), release of anaphylatoxins (C5a, C3a), release of chemotactic factors (C5a)

Question 31

Classical pathway

Answer 31

Complement pathway involving IgM or IgG, effect of humoral immunity. C1,2,4. IgG/M binds and activate C1 (q,r,s) to convert C2,4 to a,b which bind to make C3 convertase

Question 32

Alternative pathway

Answer 32

Innate immunity complement pathway. Factor B,D, properdin. Factor B+trace c3b makes c3bB which factor D splits to c3bBb (c3 convertase) +Ba. Very unstable unless bound to bacterial surface

Question 33

Lectin pathway

Answer 33

Innate immunity complement pathway. MBL (mannose binding lectin) protein replaces C1. MBL,c2,4

Question 34

Release of anaphylatoxins

Answer 34

C5a, C3a. Increase vascular permeability

Question 35

Release of chemtactic factors

Answer 35

C5a. Attract neutrophils

Question 36

MAC

Answer 36

membrane attack complex. C5b +6,7,8,9

Question 37

C1 inhibitor

Answer 37

dissociates activated c1

Question 38

Hereditary angioneurotic edema

Answer 38

HANE. C1 inhibitor deficicency. Sym: GI cramps, vomiting, edema