Bichem terms flash Flashcards
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Carbohydrate
Major: Glucose. No essential. 4cal/gm. Stored as glycogen in muscle and liver
Lipid
Essential: Linolenic and linoleic acid. 9 cal/gm. Stored as TG mainly in adipose
Protein
Made of AA. 9 are essential. 4cal/gm. No storage of free FA, carbons converted to glycogen orTG, nitrogen goes to urea
Alcohol (ethanol)
7cal/gm. Stored as TG
Vitamins
Essential, not altered in reaction. Function: rxn cofactor
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Energy req. to keep all organs function while at rest. 24*(weight in kg)+ energy for work (1.3, 1.6, 2)
Body mass index
(Weight in Kg)/(hight in m)^2 or 703*(weight in lbs.)/(height in inch.)^2
unhealthy BMI
<18.5
normal BMI
18.6-25
pre-obese BMI
25.1-30
obese BMI
30.1-39.9
morbidly obese
> 40
ATP
Major energy source. Contains 2 high energy bonds which are worth 7kcal/mole when hydrolyzed
Creatine-P
High energy storage molecule that muscle uses. Donates P to ADP under rapid muscle contraction to make ATP
Glycogen
Storage form of glucose in liver and muscle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Generates energy from transferring electrons to oxygen
FA
Preferred energy storage form (in form of TG). Can make KB. Cannot make sugars. Long hydrocarbons (3-24) with a carboxylic acid tail (amphipathic)
HMP shunt
Alternative means of glucose oxidation. Convert 6 and 5 carbons sugars. Generate NADPH
Enzymes
Proteins that aid in substrate reaching transition state, reduce energy required. Do NOT change overall equilibrium constant. Pathway regulation
Futile cycles
Also called substrate cycling. Opposing pathways are active at same time. Ex. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Enzymes released with heart damage
CPK and troponin
Enzymes released with pancreatic damage
Amylase
Enzymes released with liver damage
AST and ALT
Bis- Vs. Di-
Bis=same functional group on different atoms in same molecule. Di= same functional group on same atom or linked together then attached to one atom
NAD+
Derived from Niacin (has reactive site), ribose and adenine
Michaelis-Menton Eq.
v=(Vmax)/(1+[Km/[S]])
Km
1/2 Vmax. Substrate concentration required for enzyme to reach 1/2 Vmax
Lineweaver-Burk Deviation
Michaelis-Menton equation in straight line. Y=mx+b. 1/v = (Km/Vmax)(1/[S]) + (1/Vmax). Slope is altered by 1+ [Inhibitor]/Ki. (Ki = inhibitor dissociation constant)
Competitive inhibitor
Competes for substrate binding site. Increases Km
Non-competitive inhibitor
Binds to site distinct from substrate binding site to induce conformational change which reduces enzyme activity. Decreased Vmax.
Insulin receptor
Insulin binds 2 alpha domains. 2 beta domains contain tyrosine kinase activtity and are transmembrane to interior. Insulin receptor autophosphorylates and IRS-1 binds and is phosphorylated on tyrosine.
Glucagon receptor
No intrinsic kinase activity, linked to G protein (G protein coupled receptor), similar to epinephrine. Undergoes conformational change when bound that transmits signal to G protein
G protein
Heterotrimeric. Alpha binds GDP/GTP. Gi (inhibitory protein), Gs (stimulatory protein)
FAD
Stronger oxidizing than NAD+. Flavin, d-ribitol, pyrophosphate, ribose, adenine. Accepts 1 electron at a time
Coenzyme A
Derived from pantothenic acid. Provides active sulfhydral
Lipoic acid
5 member ring with disulfide bond. Arsenite interferes with sulfhydral groups
Respiratory Quotient
RQ = CO2 produced/ O2 consumed. For carbs = 1
Muscle fibers, type 1
Slow twitch, many mito., aerobic metabolism, resistant to fatigue
Muscle fibers, type 2
Fast twitch, few mito., anaerobic metabolism, prone to fatigue
