Pharm 54 Flashcards
Potassium (k+) normal range
3.5-5.0
Magnesium (Mg++) normal range
1.5-2.5
Sodium (Na+) normal range
135-145
Calcium (ca++) normal range
4.5-5.3
Electrolytes imbalance can occur because
(SATA 4)
Vomiting
Surgery
Diagnostic test
Drug administration
Potassium (K+) =
Heart
Magnesium (Mg++) =
Nervous system
An electrically charged particle essential to the normal functioning of all cells
Electrolyte
A condition when the body’s fluid requirements are met and the administration of fluid occurs at a rate that is greater than the rate at which the body can use or eliminate the fluid
Fluid overload
Signs and symptoms of fluid overload
Behavioral changes(confusion, disorientation, delirium, drowsiness)
Weight gain
Rapid breathing
Wheezing
Coughing
Rise in BP
Distended neck veins (JVD)
S/s hyperkalemia
(SATA 4)
Anxiety
Mental confusion
Parenthesias
Cardiac arrhythmias
S & S hypermagnesia imbalance
(SATA 4)
Drowsiness
Impaired respiration
Sweating (diaphoresis)
Weak/absent tendon reflex
S&S hyponatremia
(SATA 5)
Cold & clammy skin
Anxiety
Hypotension
N/v
Vomiting (can cause hyponatremia)
Intracellular electrolytes (2)
Potassium (k+)
Magnesium (mg++)
S&S hypocalcemia
(SATA 4)
Positive trousseau & chvostek sign
Muscle twitching
Muscle cramps
Tetany(numbness, tingling & muscular twitching usually of extremities)
Major electrolyte in intracellular fluid and must be consumed daily because it cannot be absorbed
Potassium
Examples of causes of _____ are marked loss of GI fluids (sever vomiting, diarrhea, nasogastric suctioning)
Diabetic acidosis & use of a potassium depleting diuretic
Hypokalemia
Play an important role in the transmission of nerve impulses
Magnesium
Used as replacement therapy is hypomagnesemia
Magnesium sulfate
Potassium sparing diuretic
Spironolactone
Potassium sparing diuretics & salt substitutes used with potassium can cause severe __
Hyperkalemia
The use of ____ with potassium increases risk of digoxin toxicity
Digitalis (lanoxin)
Major electrolytes in extracellular fluid, is important in maintaining acid-base balance, normal heart action & in the regulation of osmotic pressure in body cells (water balance)
Sodium
Necessary for the functioning of nerves and muscles, the clotting of blood, the building of bones and teeth and other physiologic processes
Calcium
Calcium (ca++) =
Parathyroid
___ may be given for the treatment of ___ which may be seen in those with parathyroid fuses or after accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery of the thyroid gland
Calcium
Hypocalcemia
___ contraindicated in clients with hyperthermia or fluid retention and when the administration of ___ or ___ could be detrimental
___ is used cautiously in surgical clients and those with circulatory insufficiency, heart failure, edema, renal impairment
Sodium
Irritation of the vein, tingling, a metallic or chalky taste & heat waves may occur when ___ is given IV
Calcium
Rapid administration of ___ may result in bradycardia, vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias & cardiac arrest
Calcium gluconate
Plasma protein fractions include human plasma protein fraction __% and normal serum albumin __%
5%
5%
___ ___ ___ are used to treat Hypovolemic shock that occurs as a result of burns & trauma
Plasma protein fractions
IV solutions of plasma expanders
(SATA 2)
Hetastarch (Hespan)
Dextran
Other plasma expanders may result in
Hypotension
Dyspena
Bronchospasm
Wheezing
TPN is delivered by ___ never by___
Infusion pump
Gravity
____ a method of administering nutrients to the body by an IV route
TPN
A metabolic complication seen with TPN infusions
Hyperglycemia
If an infusion of TPN is given too rapidly it may result in (4)
Hyperglycemia, glycosuria, mental confusion and loss of consciousness
The use of __ ___ helps to deliver calories without raising the level of glucose in TPN preparations
Fat emulsions
There is an increased risk of crystalluria when ___ is administered with ____
Bicarbonate
Fluroquinolones
IV needle site is inspected for signs of ___ (escape if fluid from a blood vessel into surrounding tissues)
Extravastation
The collection of fluid into tissues
Infiltration
Clients receiving oral potassium should have their ___ and __ monitored frequently, especially during therapy
BP
Pulse
Adverse reactions to ___ include metabolic acidosis and loss of electrolytes
Ammonium chloride
When given orally, potassium may cause ___ ___ , it is given immediately after meals or with food and a full glass of water
GI distress
IV solutions should be administered at ___ ___, if solution is refrigerated allow the solution to warm at room temp for __ to ___ before use
Room temperature
30-45
Concentrated potassium solutions are for __ only and should never be used undiluted. It is always diluted in ___ -____ of an IV solution
IV mixtures
500-1000mL
A __ is attached to the IV line when TPN solutions are administered. This helps prevent microscopic aggregates (particles that may form in the IV bag) from entering the bloodstream, where they could cause massive
Microscopic filter
Emboli
During the first ___ of infusion of a fat solution CAREFULLY OBSERVE THE CLIENT FOR
30 minutes
Difficulty breathing (a far embolis can occur)
If signs of fluid overload occur
Slow the IV infusion rate & immediately contact the provider
When potassium is administered to a client with cardiac disease, a ____ is needed
Cardiac monitor
Electrolyte: magnesium sulfate (parental) uses:
Mild to severe hypomagnesemia
Seizures
Electrolyte: potassium replacement
Trade name:
Uses:
Klor-Con
Hypokalemia
Alkalinizing drug: bicarbonate uses
Metabolic acidosis
Electrolytes in intracellular
Potassium
Magnesium
Electrolytes in extracellular
Sodium
Calcium
