Ch 22 Flashcards
Function of the cardiovascular system
To supply body cells & tissues with oxygen rich blood & eliminate carbon dioxide & cellular waste
The primary focus remains on ___ the natural heart by ____ heart disease
Preserving
Preventing
Reverse to changes in composition of muscle tissue that can occur in again as the result of deconditioning
Sarcopenia
The cardiovascular system consist of the ___, the ____ and a ___
Heart
Major blood vessels that empty into or exit directly from the heart
Vast network of smaller peripheral blood vessels
A portion of the thoracic cavity that also contains the trachea & major blood vessels
Mediastinum
The heart lies slightly
To the left of the midline of the sternum in the mediastinum
The heart is a __ muscular pump
Four-chambered
The receiving chambers for blood
Right & left atria
The hearts major pumping chambers
Right & left ventricles
Wall that separates the right side of the heart from the left side
Septum
Receives deoxygenated blood from the venous system
Right atrium
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated
Right ventricle
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left atrium
Pumps oxygenated blood to all the cells and tissues of the body
Left ventricle
Right side of the heart facilities
Pulmonary circulation
The left side of the heart is responsible for
Systemic circulation
Middle layer (strongest layer) consists of muscle tissue and is the force behind the hearts pumping action
Myocardium
The inner layer, composed of a thin, smooth layer of endothelial cells. Folds of the endocardium from the heart valves
Endocardium
Saclike structure that surrounds and supports the heart (when healthy, protects & keeps bacteria out)
Pericardium
Separated the atria from the ventricles. They prevent blood from returning to the atria when the ventricles contract
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
The valve between the left atrium & the left ventricle
Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
Attached to the tricuspid and mitral valves, are cordlike, which in return attach to papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae
Two major muscular projections from the ventricles
Papillary muscles
The valve between the right ventricle & pulmonary artery
Pulmonic (pulmonary) valve
The valve between the left ventricle and aorta
Aortic valve
Contraction of the ventricles forces blood into the __ & __
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Carry oxygenated blood from the heart
Arteries
Return deoxygenated blood to the heart
Veins
The smallest arteries
Arterioles
Smallest veins are called
Venules
Microscopic vessels that form a connecting network between Arterioles and Venules
Capillaries
Capillaries are __ cell layer thick and in direct contact with the cells of all tissues s
One
Largest veins, bring in venous(deoxygenated) blood from all areas of the body into the right atrium
Inferior vena cava & superior vena cava
The only artery in an adult that carries deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary artery
Gas exchange takes place in the
Alveoli
Refers to the sequence of electrical and mechanical events in the atria & ventricles that result in a heart beat
Cardiac cycle
Plays a roll in the cardiac cycle, sustains the electrical activity of the heart
Conduction system
Consists of the SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches & purkinje fibers
An area of nerve tissue located in the posterior wall of the right atrium
SA node
SA node is called the ____ because it infuriates the electrical impulses
Normally between 60 & 100 per minute
Pacemaker of the heart
Where is the conduction system located
Posterior wall of the right atrium
Cardiac impulse starts in the ___
SA node
Once cells in the atria are excited they __\
Contract in unison
During diastole, while myocardial cells are at rest and before an impulse is generated, the cells are in a ___
Polarized state (polarization)
The time during which the cells are resistant to electrical stimulation
Refractory period
Pressure sensitive nerve endings in the walls of the atria and major blood vessels
Baroteceptors
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each minute
Cardiac output
Normal cardiac output ranges
4to8L/min
The amount of blood pumped per contraction of the heart
Stroke volume
Thready pulse & decreased BP =
S&S of shock
The use of accessory muscles (neck or abdominal muscles) during respiration is an indication
The client is having difficulty breathing
Measures the pressure of blood in arteries
BP
A cardiac monitor reveals the hearts __ but not its __\ activity
Electrical
Mechanical
Observed continuously with bedside cardiac monitoring
The electrical activity that produces the heart rhythm
Sends ECG information over radio waves to a monitor that is distant from the client
Cardiac telemetry
The closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves, heard loudest over the apex of the heart and occurs nearly simultaneous with the palpated pulse
S1
Closing over the aortic and pulmonic valves, heard loudest with the stethoscope in the aortic area(second intercostal space to the right of the sternum)
S2
A sound that follows S1 & S2
S3 heart sound or ventricular gallop
S3, normal in children, often is an indication of __ in an adult
Heart failure
Cyanosis can be detected by carefully noting color changes in the oral mucous membranes as well as in the
Lips, earlobes, skin & nail beds
Sparse hair growth on the legs & thick toe nails =
Poor circulation
JVD =
Right heart failure
If the left side of the heart fails to pump efficiently blood backs up into the
Pulmonary veins & lung tissue
With ___, auscultation reveals a crackling sound & possibly wheezes & gurgles. Wet lung sounds are accompanied by dyspnea & an effort to sit up to breathe
Left sided heart failure
When tissues and cells break down, are damaged, or die, large quantities of certain ___ are __ into three bloodstream.
Enzymes
Released
Used to detect areas of myocardial damage
Radionuclide technetium-99m
Used to diagnose ischemic heart disease during a stress test
Radionuclide thallium-201
Medication used in prep for a cardiac MRI
Adenosine (Andenocard)
A radio plaque substance that fills hollow structures to help the provider observe the heart in real time
Contrast medium
Prep for a cardiac MRI includes
Starting IV infusions
Medication such as adenosine(adenocard)
& contrast medium
Uses ultra sound waves to determine the functioning of the left ventricle and to detect cardiac tumors, congenital defects & changes in the tissue layers of the heart
Echocardiography
The graphic recording of the electrical currents generated by the heart muscle
Electrocardiography
The test preformed during electrocardiography is called an
ECG
Holter monitoring, recording of an ambulatory clients cardiac rate a rhythm over 24 to 48 hrs as the client performs daily activities
Ambulatory ECG
Helps detect dysrhythmias and myocardial ischemia that occur sporadically during activity or rest
Ambulatory ECG
Also know as a stress test, the electrical activity of the heart is assessed with an ECG monitor while the client walks on a treadmill,pedals a stationary bike or climbs up & down stairs
Exercise electrocardiography
Diagnostic test performed in an operative setting. A long flexible catheter is inserted from a peripheral blood vessel in the groin, arm or neck into one of the great vessels then into the heart
Cardiac catherterization
Allergies to ask when getting cardiac catheter
Iodine
Shellfish
Radiographic dye
Latex
A diagnostic procedure that involves instilling contrast medium into an artery
Arteriography
Indications of arterial occlusion from blood clot
Absent distal peripheral pulses
Cool toes
Pale or cyanotic arms & legs
Rapid or irregular pulse rate
