Ch.30 Flashcards
The manufacture and development of blood cells
Hematopoiesis
Lymphatic system includes __ and ___
Thymus gland
Spleen
This system assists in the maturation of certain lymphocytes
Lymphatic system
Specific types of white blood cells
Lymphocytes
The soft tissue that fills spaces in the interior of the long bones and spongy bones of the skeleton
Bone marrow
Found in the ribs, sternum, skull, clavicles, vertebrae, proximal ends of long bones and iliac crest
Red marrow
Manufactures blood cells and hemoglobin
Red marrow
Consists of fat cells and connective tissue
Yellow marrow
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes
White blood cells
Leukocytes
Help control bleeding by forming a loose blood clot
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Flexible, nuclear, bioncave disks covered by a thin membrane through which oxygen and carbon dioxide pass freely
Erythrocytes
The flexibility of ___ allows them to change shape as they travel through capillaries
Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes main function
Transport O2 and remove CO2 from the tissues
Productions of erythrocytes is called
Erythropoiesis
A hormone released by the kidneys
Erythropoietin
The rate of erythrocyte production is regulated by
Erythropoietin
Immature erythrocytes are known as
Erythroblasts
Basic nutritional component of heme in hemoglobin
Iron
Enhances the absorption of folic acid and iron
Vitamin C
Serves as a coenzyme in hemoglobin formation
Vitamin B6
Involved in the transfer of iron from storage to plasma
Copper (minute amount)
Protects blood cells from vitamin E-deficient hemolytic anemia
Vitamin E
Decrease in RBCs =
Elevated heart rate
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Protect against infection
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Participate in clotting blood
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Affects intravascular osmotic pressure
Albumin
The red color of blood is the result of
Hemoglobin
An iron-containing pigment attached to erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
The oxygen saturated hemoglobin is called
Oxygemoglobin
Circulates through arteries, arterioles and capillaries to all body cells
Oxyhemoglobin
Normal range of hemoglobin
12.p to 17.4 g/dL
Erythrocytes circulate in the blood about how many days
120 days
What removes erythrocytes
Spleen
What removes severely damaged erythrocytes
The liver
Engulf invading microorganisms and cellular debris and manufacturing antibodies
Leukocytes
Normal range of leukocytes
5,000 to 10,000 mm3
An increased number of leukocytes is called
Leukocytosis
A decrease number of leukocytes is called
Leukopenia
The lifespan of leukocytes is
1 to 2 days
2 categories of leukocytes
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
1 subgroup of granulocytes
Neutrophils
Major component of the inflammatory response and defense against bacterial infection
Neutrophils
Most abundant WBC
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are also called
Microphages
The ingestion and digestion of bacteria and foreign substances
Phagocytosis
Neutrophils protect the body by
Phagocytosis
Active in an ALLERGIC contact dermatitis (immediate hypersensitivity- anaphylactic) and some delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Basophils
Phagocytize (destroy) foreign material
Eosinophils
Their numbers increase in allergies, some dermatologic disorders and parasitic infections (seasonal allergies)
Eosinophils
2 agranulocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Produce antibodies against foreign antigens
B lymphocytes
Interact with foreign cells and release a substance called lymphokine
T lymphocytes
Enhances the actions of phagocytic (eating of cells) cells
Lymphokine
Disklike, nonnucleated cell fragments with a life span of approximately 7.5 days
Platelets (thrombocytes)
What is the lifespan of platelets (thrombocytes)
7.5 days
Where are platelets (thrombocytes) manufactured
In the red bone marrow
Normal platelet range
150,000 to 350,000 mm3
Approximately ____ of the total platelets circulate in the blood and contribute to ___
2/3
Hemostasis
The control of bleeding
Hemostasis
When a blood vessel is injured ___ migrate to the injury site & release a substance known as
Platelets
Glycoprotien
Causes platelets to adhere (platelet aggregation) and form a plug, or clot, that occludes the injured vessel
Glycoprotein
Lower platelet count =
Higher risk for bleeding
Higher platelet count =
Higher risk of blood clot
The liquid, or serum, portion of blood
Plasma
What % of plasma is water
90%
What % of plasma is proteins
10%
Plasma Protein which is formed in the liver
Albumin
Helps maintain the osmotic pressure that retains fluid in the vascular compartment
Albumin
Gamma globulins are also called
Immunoglobulin
Function primarily as immunologic agents, they prevent or modify some types of infections diseases
Globulins
Plays a key roll in forming blood clots
Fibrinogen
It can be TRANSFORMED from a LIQUID to FIBRIN, a SOLID that controls bleeding
Fibrinogen
Glue like substance that helps control bleeding
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobulins in plasma that inactivate any substance that is nonself, react with incompatible RBC antigens
Antibodies
Specific protein ok the RBC membrane
Rh factor
If the protein is present the person is ___ if the protein is absent the person is ___
Rh positive
Rh negative
Donor & recipient blood are considered compatible if there is no ___ when both samples are mixed in the lab
Hemolysis
Destruction of erythrocytes
Hemolysis
Lymphatic system includes
Thymus gland, spleen and lymphatic vessels (lymph nodes and lymph)
This system of ___ circulates interstitial fluid and carries it to the veins
Lymphatics
The lymphatic system ___ and __ pathogens and removed other potentially harmful substances
Filters
Destroys
The ___ is lymphoid tissue
Thymus gland
Once the undifferentiated cells migrate to the ___, they develop into ___
Thymus
T lymphocytes
Thymus derived
T lymphocytes
The largest lymphatic structure
Spleen
Lies in the abdomen beneath the diaphragm and behind the stomach
Spleen
A reservoir of blood and contains phagocytes that engulf damaged erythrocytes and foreign substances
Spleen
Glandular tissue along the lymphatic network.
Lymph nodes
Where are lymph nodes clustered
Axilla, groin, neck and large vessels of the thorax and abdomen
Lymph flows through
Lymphatic ducts
What connects nodes
Lymphatic ducts
A fluid with a composition similar to plasma
Lymph
As lymph passes through the node, ___ attack and engulf foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses, abnormal body cells, and other debris
Macrophages
The nurse obtains a __ because compromised ___ interferes with the production of blood cells and hemoglobin
Dietary history
Nutrition
The drug ___ can be used to stimulate the production of RBCs
Alfa (Epogen)
The nurse also asks about ___ to countries where ___ or ___ are common
Foreign travel
Malaria
Parasitic roundworms
The agent that causes malaria following the bite of an infected (female) mosquito invades ___ and causes ___
Erythrocytes
Anemia
Tonsils are visible
1
Tonsils extended medially toward the uvula
2
Tonsils touch the uvula
3
Tonsils touch each other
4
___ ____ on the surface if the tonsils suggests tonsillitis
Purulent exudate
Diagnostic test for clots
D-dimer test
Diagnostic test performed to determine the status of blood cell formation
Bone marrow aspiration
The primary provider applies ___ ___ and removes bone marrow from the ___ ___ ___ or the ____
Local anesthesia
Posterior iliac crest
Sternum
The marrow is examined for the types & percentage of ___ and ___ blood cells
Immature
Maturing
The _____ is the preferred site for bone marrow aspiration because no vital organs or blood vessels are nearby
Posterior superior iliac crest
Position client on their ___ or ___ to facilitate access to the aspiration site
Back
Side
Bone marrow aspiration takes approximately ___
20 minutes
Apply ___ followed by a ___ to the site after the needle has been withdrawn
Direct pressure
Pressure dressing
With a bone marrow aspiration the client is at high risk of __
Bleeding
Instruct client to lie on ___ for at least ___ minutes or longer
Side
10
Limit the clients ___ for approximately ___ mins after the procedure
Activity
30
Limiting the activity of a client with bone marrow aspiration for at least 30 minutes helps ___
Control bleeding
MONITOR THE ___ FREQUENTLY for continued bleeding; ____ or ____ the dressing as needed
Puncture site
Change
Reinforce
A schilling test is used to determine the etiology of vitamin ___ causing ____
B12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia
Before any diagnostic testing, the nurse determines the clients ____ and offers a ____ of the test routine, what ____ to participate in the test, and any potential for ____
Knowledge of procedure
Description
Tasks are necessary
Discomfort
The nurse ___ when collecting specimens. After collection, they ___ the specimen for the ___ and ___ take it to the lab
Wears gloves
Check
Correct label
Immediately
