Pharm 1

Question 1

Mechanism of local anesthetics

Answer 1

Blocks voltage gated sodium channels in neurons that transmit pain

Question 2

Mechanism of benzodiazepines

Answer 2

Binds to GABA A receptor and induces its ability to open chloride channel and causes hyperpolarization

Question 3

What things use tyrosine kinase receptors

Answer 3

Insulin

GROWTH FACTORS: EGFR, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), Nerve growth factor receptor

Question 4

Examples of things that use cytokines receptors and describe mechanism of these receptors

Answer 4

Growth Hormones, prolactin, EPO, Interferons
These receptors do not have any intrinsic kinase activity as seen with tyrosine kinase receptors but have the JAK kinase which can phosphorylate each other and the STAT receptor. When STAT binds, JAK phosphorylates STAT which dimerizes and migrates to the nucleus and regulates transcription

Question 5

Mechanism of vinca alkaloids

Answer 5

Anti cancer drug that prevents the formation for microtubules by binding to tubulin

Question 6

What phase in the cell cycle are cells arrested at when you use vinca alkaloids

Answer 6

Metaphase

Question 7

What do you give a patient who is taking cyclophosphamides to present hemorrhagic cystitis?

Answer 7

Mensa

Question 8

Why would you give someone mannitol?

Answer 8

It is a diuretic so it is used to reduce cerebral edema

Question 9

What drug(s) would you use to treat hyperlipidemia

Answer 9

Cholestyramine, colestipal and colesevelam; they prevent the reabsorption of bile acid

Question 10

_____________ chelates heavy metal

Answer 10

Dimercopral

Question 11

Phenoxybenzamine

Answer 11

Irreversible α adrenoreceptor blocker

Question 12

Albumin is a slightly ___________ plasma protein so __________ drugs will behind to it

Answer 12

Basic; acidic

Question 13

Penetration of the blood brain barrier depends on __________________ transport

Answer 13

Transcellular

Question 14

_________ undergoes Phase 2 then Phase 1 reactions in its metabolism

Answer 14

Isoniazid

Question 15

Phase 1 reactions occur in the _________ and usually converts the drug into a _______ form

Answer 15

SER; polar
Mostly catalyzed by P450 system
Oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation, deamination and hydrolytic reaction

Question 16

Phase 2 mainly occurs in the ___________ and conjugation reactions that form a covalent bond between the drug and ______________ (list all of them)

Answer 16

Cytosol

Glucoronate, glutathione, acetate, amino acids, sulfate

Question 17

Drugs that induced cytochrome P450

Answer 17

Rifampin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine

Question 18

Drugs that inhibit cytochrome P450:

Answer 18

Ketoconazole, cimetidine, amiodarone, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and grapefruit juice

Question 19

__________ inhibits P-glycoproteins

Answer 19

Macrolide antibiotics

Question 20

Acetominophen is metabolized by ______

Answer 20

CYP2E1

Question 21

Indirect antagonism mechanism

Answer 21

Antagonist does not bind to the receptor but instead to an intermediate macromolecule in the pathway that links the receptor to the physiological effect
Ex. Drug inhibits PKA which block the effects the β adrenoreceptor agonist

Question 22

Physiological antagonism

Answer 22

One against opposes another agonist but through DIFFERENT receptors

Question 23

Chemical antagonism

Answer 23

A drug that reacts with an agonist to form a product that cannot activate a receptor
Ex. Protamine (positively charged) binds to heparin (negatively charged) to counteract the effects of heparin

Question 24

Therapeutic window

Answer 24

Dosage range between the minimum effective therapeutic concentration and the minimum toxic concentration

Question 25

Therapeutic index

Answer 25

TD50/ED50
OR
LD50/ED50

Question 26

Drugs that follow zero order kinetics

Answer 26

Aspirin in high doses, Ethanol, and Phenytoin (anti-epileptic drug)