Neoplasia 3 Flashcards
What are the factors that produce cachexia
- reduced food intake
- reduced synthesis and storage of fat and increased mobilization of fatty acids from adipocytes
- TNF α
What cytokine is associated with cancer cachexia
TNF α
Define paraneoplastic syndrome
Symptoms in cancer patients that cannot be readily explained but either spread of the tumor or by elaboration of the hormones indigenous to the tissue of origin
Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with bronchogenic small cell carcinoma
- cushing’s syndrome
- SIADH
- hypercalcemia
- myasthenia
- venous thrombosis
- acanthosis nigricans
- hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
What is the gold standard for diagnosing cancer
Biopsy
Tissues are fixed in _______ and then dehydrated in ______
Formalin; graded alcohol
During tissue processing the sample is embedded in _________
Paraffin
Tissues are frozen in ______ and analyzed during ______
Liquid nitrogen; an operation to assess completeness of excision or if the nature of the lesion in unknown
When is flow cytometric analysis used in cancer?
Used for maturation markers in lymphoma/leukemia and looks at DNA ploidy
Mechanism of immunocytochemistry and what does it detect?
Detects nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins with the aid of specific antibodies
Detects cell of origin
Immunochemical starins for neuroendocrine cells?
Chromogranin
Immunohistochemical stain for mesenchyme
Vimentin
Immunohistochemical stain for muscle
Desmin
Immunohistochemical stain for melanoma
S100/HMB45/Melan A
Prognostic factor in neuroblastoma
N-MYC
What is the biochemical tumor maker CEA used for?
Colonic adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Breast adenocarcinoma
Gastric adenocarcinoma
What conditions would you see α fetoprotein (AFP) to be elevated?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
What type of cancers are more common in younger age groups
Sarcomas;
Ex. Osteosarcoma, retinoblastoma, etc
List some inherited cancer syndromes
- MEN1, RET (multiple endocrine neoplasia)
- Li- Fraumenii Syndrome (P53)
- Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
Tumors usually never progress from benign to malignant. Name an exception
Colonic cancers such as: FAP
Name examples of familial cancers
Breast, colon, gastric and ovarian carcinomas
Ataxia telengiectesia can progress to …
Lymphoma, ALL
Defective DNA repair
Fanconi’s anemia can progress to…
AML (defective DNA repair)
Ulcerative colitis can progress to what cancer?
Colonic adenocarcinoma; this is an example of an acquired preneoplastic condition