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PCM Exam 1 > Neoplasia 4 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 4 Flashcards

1
Q

____________ cancer is seen in chimney sweepers

A

Scrotal

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2
Q

Indirect acting carcinogen

A

Requires activation by P450

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3
Q

Aromatic amines and azodyes are chemical carcinogens linked to which carcinomas

A

Hepatocellular CA and bladder CA

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4
Q

Direct alkylating agents are carcinogens linked to what condition?

A

Leukemia

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5
Q

Mechanism of UV radiation causing damage to the body

A
  • direct DNA damage - formation of pyrimidine dimers - nucleotide excision repair mechanism may be overwhelmed
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6
Q

Therapeutic ionizing radiation is associated with ____________ carcinoma

A

Thyroid carcinoma

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7
Q

carcinomas associated with EBV

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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8
Q

Mechanisms of how HPV causes carinogenesis

A

HPV binds to p53 and other tumor suppressor genes and inactivated them → cell proliferation

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9
Q

__________ causes mutation int he cell (Mechanism of action of chemical carcinogens)

A

Initiator

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10
Q

Promoter causes ________________ (Mechanism of chemical carcinogens)

A

Clonal expansion

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11
Q

Mechanism of how EBV leads to Burkitt’s Lymphoma

A

Polyclonal proliferation → acquired translocation → c-myc activation → monoclonal proliferation

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12
Q

HTLV-1 is an RNA oncogenic retrovirus that is associated with ________________ (condition)

A

Human T cell leukemia/lymphoma

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13
Q

HTLV-1 proliferation is initially ______ and then becomes _______

A

Polyclonal; monoclonal leukemia

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14
Q

___________ protein stimulates proliferation, enhances cell survival and interferes with cell cycle controls in HTLV-1

A

Viral tax

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15
Q

HHV 8 is associated with condition?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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16
Q

Where can driver mutations be found in the genome

A

They tend to be tightly clustered within cancer genes Direct contributors to the development org progression of cancer

17
Q

where can passenger mutations be found in the genome

A

They are acquired mutations that DO NOT affect cellular behavior and occur at random spots throughout the genome

18
Q

What classes of genes are affected by carcinogenesis?

A
  • oncogenes (KRAS) - tumor suppressor genes (TP53) - apoptosis regulation genes (BCL2) - mutator (caretaker) genes (DNA mismatch repair) MSH2, MLH 1 - epigenetic changes such as DNA and histone methylation, acetylation, miRNA alteration and IncRNA changes
19
Q

What kind of genetic change leads to retinoblastoma?

A

Deletion of 13q14

20
Q

What kind of mutation causes neuroblastoma?

A

N-MYC amplification

21
Q

How can a proto-oncogene transform into an oncogene

A

Point mutation, translocation, application or can affect the regulation of gene expression

22
Q

most common point mutations that lead to carcinogenesis

A

RAS (oncogene) P53 (tumor suppressor)

23
Q

Transloctions that can lead to over expression of oncogenes

A

T(9,22) = CML that activates BCR-ABL causing ↑ tyrosine kinase activity T(8,14) = burkitt’s lymphoma causing increased MYC protein production

24
Q

Examples of gene amplifications that are carcinogenic

A

N-MYC = neuroblastoma HER2 = breast carcinoma

25
Q

Oncoproteins are devoid of _____________ elements and they may act at different levels of signal transduction

A

Regulatory

26
Q

How does proteins convenes become oncogenes

A

Retroviral transduction C onc ( by influences altering behavior in situ ) V onc (viral con gone similar to cellular protocol oncogenes

27
Q

PDGF is a growth factor that can get mutated and become oncogenic and lead to _________

A

Astrocytoma

28
Q

Epidermal growth factor receptor (ERBB2 (her2/neu) ) amplification (oncoprotein) can lead to ______ or _______

A

Breast carcinoma; stomach carcinoma

29
Q

_______ of function mutation in a proto oncogene produces an oncogene which then produces oncoproteins

A

Gain

30
Q

Mutated Rb gene _________ E2F causing ______

A

Releases; E2F is important for the G1-S transition) Proliferation (Retinoblastoma) Normally Rb is hyperphosphrylated and inhibits E2F

31
Q

P53 upregulates _____ which disrupts _______

A

BAX; BCL2 Lung, colon, breast and ovary CA

32
Q

Overexpression of BCL2 is linked to __________

A

CLL and other B cell lymphomas

PCM Exam 1 (22 decks)

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