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Fundamentals Of Pathology > Phagocytosis > Flashcards

Phagocytosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Effector function part of the immune response but also a mechanism that connects innate and adaptive immunity

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2
Q

Give the 5 roles of phagocytosis

A
  • destruction of pathogen
  • activation of genes
  • antigen presentation
  • cell recruitment
  • elimination and disposal of dead, apoptotic and damaged cells
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3
Q

How do phagocytes destroy pathogens?

A

Respiratory burst

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4
Q

What does the activation of genes in phagocytosis lead to?

A

Cytokine and chemokine release

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5
Q

Where do blood monocytes originate from?

A

Monocytes

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6
Q

What do blood monocytes differentiate into?

A

Specialised tissue-specific macrophages

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7
Q

What are blood monocytes efficient at?

A

Detecting and killing microbes

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8
Q

How do blood monocytes kick start immune responses?

A

Secretion of inflammatory factors (cytokines)

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9
Q

What is an effector cell?

A

A cell that carries out a function

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10
Q

What is the most abundant white blood cell?

A

Neutrophil

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11
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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12
Q

What is the life span of neutrophils?

A

8-10 hrs in blood and 4-5 days in tissue

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13
Q

What enzymes do neutrophils produce (3)?

A

Lysozyme, collagenase and elastase

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14
Q

What is netosis?

A

Essentially, cells lyse and release their genomic DNA

Genomic DNA in solution is sticky and this will cover bacteria and prevent it colonising

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15
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Capture microbes and antigens

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16
Q

Which type of myeloid cell links the innate and adaptive immune responses?

A

Dendritic cells

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17
Q

What are the four steps of phagocytosis?

A

Chemotaxis
Recognition and attachment to microbe/dead cells
Engulfment
Killing/digestion of i

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18
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement of cells towards the site of infection

19
Q

What is chemotaxis guided by?

A

Chemoattractants

20
Q

What are chemoattractants released by?

A

Bacteria and inflammatory cells

21
Q

What does the recognition and attachment of phagocytes require?

A

React to invading pathogens and a regulated reaction to bodies own tissues

22
Q

What does DAMP stand for?

A

Damage associated molecular patterns

23
Q

Give the 5 types of PRRs

A 
Toll like receptors 
C-type lectin receptors
NOD-like receptors
RIG-like helicase receptors
Scavenger receptors
24
Q

Where do you find toll like receptors?

A

Plasma membrane and endosomal membrane

25
Q

Give an example of c-type lectin receptors

A

Mannose

26
Q

Where do NOD-like receptors reside?

A

Free proteins in the cytoplasm

27
Q

What are RIG-like helicase receptors?

A

Cytosolic receptors for viral dsRNA

28
Q

What do TLRs do?

A

Stimulate the production of inflammatory Cytokines

29
Q

What does opsonisation factilitate?

A

Phagocytosis

30
Q

How are protrusions formed on the cell membrane?

A

Actin cytoskeleton rearrangement

31
Q

What is a phagolysosome and when is it formed?

A

It is when a lysosome binds to the phagosome in the breakdown of a pathogen

32
Q

What are the four things in lysosomes?

A

Proteolyitc enzymes
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Defending

33
Q

What do proteolytic enzymes do?

A

Degrade microbes

34
Q

What do lysozymes do?

A

Break bacterial walls

35
Q

What does lactoferrin do?

A

Binds with iron so there’s not enough left for bacteria

36
Q

What do defensins do?

A

Destroy bacterial walls

37
Q

What are the four ways in which microbes evade phagocytes?

A

Block phagocyte attachment
Block engulfment
Block destruction
Killing of phagocytes

38
Q

Give an example of a microbe that blocks phagocyte attachment

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

39
Q

Give an example of a microbe that blocks engulfment

A

Yersinia

40
Q

Give an example of a microbe that blocks destruction

A

Salmonella

41
Q

Give an example of a microbe that kills phagocytes

A

Staphylococcus aureus

42
Q

What can phagocytosis be used for that isn’t killing microbes?

A

Damaged or dying cells and apoptosis

43
Q

What happens when a phagocyte takes up an apoptotic cell?

A

Change to a pro-healing phenotype
Secrete pro healing cytokines
Present self antigens

Fundamentals Of Pathology (20 decks)

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