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fundamentals of pathology > origin of blood cells > Flashcards

origin of blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is Haematopoeisis?

A

production of RBC, white blood cells and platelets from haematopoetic stem cells

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2
Q

why does haematopoeisis take place (4)?

A

to maintain balance between self renewal, migration, cell death, terminal differentation

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3
Q

Where does haematopoiesis take place in the first trimester?

A

Yolk sac

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4
Q

Where does haematopoiesis take place in the second trimester?

A

Liver and spleen

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5
Q

Where does haematopoiesis take place in the third trimester?

A

Central, peripheral skeleton

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6
Q

Where does haematopoiesis take place in infancy?

A

Throughout bone marrow

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7
Q

Where does haematopoiesis take place in adulthood?

A

Axial skeleton

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8
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton (5)?

A

Vertebral bones, sternum, ribs, pelvis, proximal ends of humerus and femur

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9
Q

Structure of bone marrow?

A

Spongy jelly-like tissue inside bone.

Lots of blood vessels to bring nutrients and take away new blood cells

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10
Q

What happens in red marrow?

A

Active haematopoiesis

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11
Q

What is yellow marrow filled with?

A

Fat cells

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12
Q

Give the four stages of basic blood cell maturation

A

Stem cells
Progenitor cells
Precursor cells
Effector cells

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13
Q

What does blood cell differentiation depend on?

A

Growth factors

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14
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells mature into?

A

T and B lymphocytes

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15
Q

What can myeloid stem cells turn into (6)?

A 
Erythrocytes 
Neutrophil
Monocytes
Eosinophil
Basophil
Megakaryocyte
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16
Q

Where do pluripotent stem cells primarily reside?

A

Marrow- small number in circulation

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17
Q

What is the surface antigen on pluripotent stem cells?

A

CD34+

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18
Q

What do pluripotent stem cells look like?

A

Small lymphocytes

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19
Q

What does disfunction in pluripotent stem cells lead to?

A

Aplastic anaemia or certain types of leukaemia

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20
Q

How much can pluripotent stem cells self renew?

A

Unlimited

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21
Q

What are multipotent stem cells derived from?

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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22
Q

Are multipotent stem cells capable of cell renewal?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

Mature lymphocytes

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24
Q

What do myeloid stem cells give rise to?

A

Red cells, granulocytes and platelets

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25
Q

What type of malignancies can lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

Lymphoproliferative

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26
Q

What do myeloid stem cells give rise to if somethings wrong?

A

Myeloproliferative leukaemia

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27
Q

What are progenitor cells derived from?

A

Multipotent stem cells

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28
Q

Can progenitor cells self-renew and differentiate?

A

Limited

29
Q

What can progenitor cells differentiate into (4)?

A

CFU-GEMM
CFU-ME
CFU-GM
CFU-E

30
Q

What are progenitor cells responsive to?

A

Haematopoietic growth factors

31
Q

What stimulates CFU-E?

A

EPO

32
Q

What do progenitors express?

A

Differentiation surface antigens

33
Q

How can progenitor cells be detected?

A

Special in vitro assays where colonies are formed

34
Q

What is the first morphologically identifiable cell?

A

Precursor cells

35
Q

Give 5 examples of precursor cells

A 
Erythroblast
Myeloblast
Lymphoblast
Monoblast
Megakaryoblast
36
Q

Can precursor cells self-renew?

A

A bit (if any)

37
Q

Give examples (8) of mature effector cells

A 
RBCs 
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Platelets
38
Q

What is the name of the process that makes RBCs?

A

Erythropoiesis

39
Q

What is the multipotent stem cell that forms erythrocytes?

A

CD34+

40
Q

What are the progenitors that form erythrocytes?

A

BFU-ME

CFU-ME

41
Q

How do you recognise a basophilic erythroblast?

A

Blue cytoplasm

42
Q

How do you recognise a polychromatophilic erythroblast?

A

Blue and pink cytoplasm

43
Q

How do you recognise a orthochromatic erythroblast?

A

Pink cytoplasm

44
Q

What main cell component is a reticulocyte missing?

A

No nucleus

45
Q

What is the name of the process that makes neutrophils?

A

Granulopoeisis

46
Q

What are the progenitors for neutrophils?

A

CFU-GM

CFU-G

47
Q

What are the precursor cells for neutrophils (5)?

A 
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metametocyte
Band 3
48
Q

What is the platelet formation stem cell?

A

Haemocytoblast

49
Q

What is the antigen independant phase?

A

Initial lymphopoiesis in bone. Marrow and maturation occurring in lymph nodes and thymus

50
Q

What is the antigen dependant phase?

A

2nd cycle of differentiation and proliferation in response to antigen exposure

51
Q

How are T-cells formed in the thymus?

A

Early progenitors migrate to thymus
T-cell receptor gene rearrangement
Positive and negative selection

52
Q

How are B-cells formed in bone marrow?

A

Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement
Expression of surface IgM
Immature B-cell migrates to 2 lymphoid organs for maturation and antigen selection

53
Q

What are polypeptide growth factors?

A

Cytokines

54
Q

Give the four groups of growth factors

A

Stimulate early progenitors
Stimulate late progenitors
Specific to one lineage
Stimulate several different lineages

55
Q

Give examples of growth factors that stimulate early progenitors

A

IL-3, stem cell factor

56
Q

Give examples of growth factors that stimulate late progenitors

A

Monocyte-CSF

57
Q

Give examples of growth factors that stimulate one lineage

A

Erythropoietin

58
Q

Where and why is erythropoietin produced?

A

In the kidney in response to hypoxia

59
Q

What does erythropoietin increase?

A

RBC production by increasing survival of erythroid progenitors

60
Q

What can recombinant erythropoietin be used to treat?

A

Anaemia caused by kidney failure

61
Q

What can be used as an alternative to blood transfusion in Jehovah’s witnesses?

A

Recombinant erythropoietin

62
Q

What does G-CSF stand for?

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor

63
Q

Where/ why is G-CSF produced?

A

Many cell types in response to inflammation

64
Q

What does G-CSF act on?

A

Mature neutrophils in the periphery

65
Q

What does G-CSF do?

A

Chemo attractant

Promotes neutrophil maturation and activation

66
Q

What does G-CSF stimulate?

A

Neutrophil production in the bone marrow

67
Q

What is G-CSF used for the treatment of?

A

Neutropenia

68
Q

What does G-CSF treatment cause?

A

Stem cells to be released from the bone marrow into circulation

69
Q

What are the only type of bone marrow stem cells that can give long term engraftment?

A

Haematopoietic

fundamentals of pathology (20 decks)

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