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Fundamentals Of Pathology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we have innate immunity?

A

Adaptive immune response is too slow to protect us from new pathogens (especially viruses)

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2
Q

Which type of immunity (adaptive or innate) provides sterile immunity?

A

Adaptive

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3
Q

Give the sites of microbe entry (7)

A 
Conjunctiva (eyes)
Insect into capillary
Scratch
Anus
Gut infections 
Respiratory tract
Urinogenital tract
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4
Q

Give the 7 components of innate immunity

A 
Physical barriers
Chemical barriers
Phagocytes
Inflammation
Cytokines/chemokines
Complement
Natural killer cells
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5
Q

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?

A

To localise and eliminate injurious agents and to remove damaged tissue components

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6
Q

What does the inflammatory response enhance (4)?

A

Permeability and extravasion, neutrophil recruitment, cell adhesion and clotting

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7
Q

What is the inflammatory response triggered by?

A

The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at the site of infections

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8
Q

What are cytokines and chemokines?

A

Glycoprotein hormones that affect immune response

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9
Q

How do cytokines act?

A

To modify the behaviour of cells in the immune response

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10
Q

What are most cytokines

A

Interleukins

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11
Q

How do chemokines act?

A

As chemotactic factors- creating concentration gradients that attract (or repel) specific cell types to the site of infection

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12
Q

What is the effect of IL-1?

A

Enhances response and induces acute-phase secretion

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13
Q

What is the effect of IL-6?

A

Enhances response and induces acute-phase secretion

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14
Q

What is the effect of IL-8/CXCL8?

A

Chemoattractant for neutrophils

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15
Q

What is the effect of IL-12?

A

Diverts immune response to type 1 pro inflammatory and cytokine secretion

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16
Q

What is the effect of TNF-alpha?

A

Induces changes in vascular endothelium

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17
Q

What is the main producer of IL-1?

A

Macrophages and keratinocytes

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18
Q

What is the main producer of IL-6?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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19
Q

What is the main producer of IL-8?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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20
Q

What is the main producer of IL-12?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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21
Q

What is the main producer of TNF-alpha?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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22
Q

What does IL-1 act upon?

A

Lymphocytes and liver

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23
Q

What does IL-6 act upon?

A

Lymphocytes and liver

24
Q

What does IL-8 act upon?

A

Phagocytes

25
Q

What does IL-12 act upon?

A

Naive T cells

26
Q

What does TNF-alpha act upon?

A

Vascular endothelium

27
Q

How do macrophages recognise microbes?

A

Phagocytosis receptors that bind to their microbes and components

28
Q

What are the 5 types of receptors found on macrophages?

A 
Complement
Mannose
Lipid
Scavenger
Dectin-1
29
Q

How do macrophages recognise patterns?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

30
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Molecules only present on pathogens that are essential for survival and are invariant structures shared by the entire class of pathogens

31
Q

What is the PAMP on gram negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane

32
Q

What is a lipopolysaccharide?

A

Lipid anchor with a complex polysaccharide chain floating off into the outside layer

33
Q

What are the PAMPs (3) on gram positive bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan, techoic acid, lipoteichoic acid

34
Q

What does PRR stand for?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

35
Q

What are PRRs?

A

Host factors that specifically recognise a particular type of PAMP

36
Q

What are the three classes of PRR?

A

Extracellular, intracellular and secreted

37
Q

How do secreted PRRs work?

A

They act to tag circulating pathogens for elimination

38
Q

How do extracellular PRRs work?

A

They recognise PAMPs outside a cell and trigger a coordinated response to the pathogen

39
Q

How do intracellular PRRs work?

A

Recognise PAMPs inside a cell and act to coordinate a response to the pathogen

40
Q

How does the interferon system work?

A

The virus infects cell
Cell secretes interferon
Interferon binds to any other cells to stop them replicating (and therefore the virus replicating inside of them)

41
Q

What is complement?

A

A system of secreted proteins made in the liver that recognise PAMPs on the surface of microbes and tag them

42
Q

What are the three ways for complement to kill microbes?

A

Phagocytosis, opsonised or have holes punched in them

43
Q

What does it mean when a cell is opsonised?

A

A little coat of complement has stopped pathogens being able to infect cells

44
Q

What are the three ways of activating complement?

A
  • recognition of LPS and other PAMPs
  • non host glycosylation is recognised by MBP and other lectins to activate lectin pathway
  • membranes that are recognised as non self activate an alternative pathway
45
Q

How much of WBCs are natural killer cells?

A

4%

46
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Large granular lymphocytes

47
Q

How do natural killer cells work?

A

They release cytotoxic molecules called granzymes (proteases) or perforins

48
Q

How do NK cells recognise pathogens

A

Pathogens don’t have MHC molecules on their membranes

49
Q

What disease is linked to a core defect in complement?

A

Autoimmune diseases like lupus (…it’s never lupus)

50
Q

What illness is linked to a non-core defect in complement?

A

Susceptibility for a specific type of pathogen like neisseria

51
Q

What disease is linked to a macrophage deficiency?

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

52
Q

What is chronic granulomatous disease?

A

No oxidative burst for bacterial killing

53
Q

What disease is linked to an IRF8 mutation?

A

Susceptibility of TB

54
Q

What is aicardi-goutieres syndrome associated with

A

Constitutive production of inflammatory cytokines

55
Q

What happens if you have a lack of interferon-responsiveness?

A

You get a sensitivity to viral infection

Fundamentals Of Pathology (20 decks)

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