Intro To Cellular Pathology Flashcards
What are cells?
Living, more or less self-sufficient entities that may form more complex structures. Surrounded by a membrane
What is a tissue?
Interwoven masses of cells and extracellular material
What is histology?
Study of tissues
What is tissue structure in histology?
How cells combine together with extracellular material and each other to form a tissue
What is cellular structure in histology?
How a cell is shaped, and how the components inside cells are organised to support that cells specific function
What is sub-cellular structure in histology?
Detailed analysis of organelles and inclusions
What is the histochemical structure in histology?
Molecular analysis of cellular structure
What is histopathology?
The study of tissues affected by disease
Why is histopathology useful?
Making diagnosis and in determining the severity and progression of disease
How are epithelial tissue cells arranged?
Continuous sheet with one or more layers, has apical and basal layers
What is a basement membrane?
Separates the epithelial layer from the underlying connective tissue
What are the two types of epithelial tissue?
Covering and lining epithelia Glandular epithelia (endo and exocrine)
What is the simple epithelium?
One layer of cells
What is the stratified epithelium?
Two or more cell layers
What is the pseudostratified epithelium?
Cells are all anchored to the basement membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface (nuclei do not align, does not look like one cell layer)
What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?
Cuboidal, columnar, squamous
What is the transitional state in epithelial tissues?
Different layers present different structure
What are the two main groups of connective tissues?
- connective tissue proper
- specialised connective tissue
What does connective tissue contain?
Different cells including fibroplasts, macrophages, mast cells and adipocytes
What is the connective tissue matrix made of (2)?
Ground substance- proteins and polysaccharides
Fibres- reticular, collagen and elastic
What are the two classifications of proper connective tissue?
Loose connective
Dense connective
What is loose connective tissue?
Fibres and many cells types in gelatinous matrix, found in skin and surrounding blood vessels, nerves and organs
What is dense connective tissue?
Bundles of parallel collagen fibres and fibroblasts, found in tendons and ligaments
What are the two main components of cartilage?
- collagen and elastin fibres embedded in a matrix of glycoproteins
- cells called chondrocytes
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrous
What is hyaline cartilage?
Weakest, most abundant type. Found at end of long bones and structures like the ear and nose
What is elastic cartilage?
Maintains shape, branding elastic fibres distinguish it from hyaline
What is fibrous cartilage?
Strongest type, has dense collagen and little matrix
Where would you find fibrous cartilage?
Pelvis, skull and vertebral disks
What is bone comprised of?
Bone cells, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts- suspended in a matrix made of collagen fibres and minerals
What are the two types of bone in development?
Membranous
Endochonal
Give 3 examples of membranous bones
Flat bones, clavicle or mandible
Give examples of endochonal bone
Climb and vertebral column bones
What are the two types of mature bone?
Compact, trabecular
What are the features of compact mature bone?
Concentric circular layers organised in lacunae and central canal
What are the features of trabecular mature bone?
Slender interlacing parallel lamellae with marrow within the spaces
What is the principle functional unit of muscle cells?
Muscle fibre. Also come stem cells with the capacity to develop into new muscle fibres
Give the structural features of skeletal muscle
Voluntary, striated
How is skeletal muscle organised?
In myofibres with peripherally located nuclei
Forms a lined up bonding pattern from one cell to another
What is skeletal muscle attached to?
Bones
Give the structural features of cardiac muscle
Involuntary, striated, branched and has intercalated discs
How do cardiac muscle cells size compare to skeletal muscle cells?
Smaller
Give the structural features of smooth muscle
Involuntary, non-striated, spindle shaped
Where is smooth muscle found?
Blood vessels and GI tract
What are the two main functional cell types of nerve tissue?
Neurons
Neuroganglia
What do neurons do?
Cells that convert stimuli into electrical impulses to the brain
What do neuralgia do?
Collection of different cell types with a supportive role
What are the three types of neurons?
Motor neuron
Interneuron
Sensory neurons
What does the motor neuron do?
Carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands
What do interneurons do?
Interpret input from sensory neurons and end responses to motor neurons
What do sensory neurons do?
Receive info from environment and transmit to CNS
What is the neuralgia made up of in the CNS?
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia
What is the neuralgia made up of in the PNS?
Schwann cells and stem cells
What are the three primary cell layers that form the embryo?
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
What does the ectoderm develop into?
Nervous and epithelial tissue
What does the mesoderm develop into?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue and muscle tissue
What does the endoderm develop into?
Epithelial tissue
