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Fundamentals Of Pathology > Adaptive Immune Response - Focus On T Cells > Flashcards

Adaptive Immune Response - Focus On T Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lymphoid progenitor cell give rise to?

A

Lymphoid cell

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2
Q

What proportion of the peripheral white blood cells are lymphoid progenitor cells?

A

20-30%

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3
Q

Is the lymphoid progenitor cells nucleus big or small?

A

Big

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4
Q

What size are lymphoid progenitor cells?

A

6-10 microns

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5
Q

What are the two types of cell that lymphoid progenitor cells can become?

A

Effector or memory cells

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6
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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7
Q

What happens to the thymus in childhood?

A

Enlarges

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8
Q

What happens to the thymus in puberty?

A

Atrophies (basically disappears)

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9
Q

What proportion of T cells are alpha beta T cells?

A

90%

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10
Q

What are the three subtypes of alpha beta T cells?

A

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Regulatory T cells

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11
Q

Why are helper T cells activated?

A

To secrete cytokines to help immune response or to become memory cells

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12
Q

What CDs to helper T cells express?

A

CD4 and CD3

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13
Q

What are the three subgroups of helper T cells?

A

Th1, Th2 and Th17

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14
Q

What CDs do cytotoxic T cells express?

A

CD8 and CD3

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15
Q

Why are cytotoxic T cells activated?

A

To kill infected targets or to become memory cells

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16
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells kill?

A

Via the release of toxic contents of granules or through induction of apoptosis

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17
Q

What CDs do regulatory T cells produce?

A

Mainly CD4+ but some CD8

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18
Q

What can regulatory T cells do?

A

Affect immune responses by either supressing them or activating them through direct cell contact or the secretion of soluble factors (cytokines)

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19
Q

What are the two main types of regulatory T cells?

A

Natural or inducible

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20
Q

What do gamma delta T cells do?

A

Recognise lipid antigens through TCRs

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21
Q

What type of molecule is the T cell receptor?

A

Dimeric

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22
Q

How are the two molecules of the T cell receptor linked?

A

Covalently by a disulfide bond

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23
Q

What parts are a T cell receptor made up of?

A

A variable and a constant immunoglobulin- like domain

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24
Q

What are the antigen binding sites on T cell receptors associated with?

A

CD3

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25
Q

How are alpha beta T cells restricted?

A

Through MHC I or MHCII

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26
Q

What does the alpha chain in the alpha beta T cell receptors consist of?

A

Germline variable, joining and constant regions

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27
Q

What does the beta chain in the alpha beta T cell receptors consist of?

A

Germline variable, diversity, joining and constant regions

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28
Q

What is the total repertoire of possible alpha beta T cell receptors?

A

1017

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29
Q

What is the total repertoire of possible gamma delta T cell receptors?

A

1019

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30
Q

How much of the mucosal T cells are made up by gamma delta T cell receptors?

A

70%

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31
Q

What are some gamma delta T cells restricted through?

A

CD1c

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32
Q

What stress indicators do some gamma delta T cells recognise?

A

HSP and butyrophilin

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33
Q

What are multi-histocompatibility complexes?

A

Surface expressed molecule which bind peptides derived from antigen and present to T cells

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34
Q

What do MHCs encode for?

A

Human leukocyte antigens

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35
Q

Where are MHC Is expressed?

A

All uncleared cells

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36
Q

Where are MHC IIs expressed?

A

On professional antigen presenting cells

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37
Q

What domains are MHCIS made up of?

A

Alpha 1-3 and beta2-microglobulin

38
Q

What domains are MHCIIS made up of?

A

Alpha 1 and 2

Beta 1 and 2

39
Q

Give the 5 steps in the antigen processing and presentation to CD4 cells

A

1- Uptake of extracellular proteins into vesicular compartments of APC
2- processing of internalised proteins in endosomal/lysosomal vesicles
3- biosynthesis and transport of class ii MHC molecules to endosomes
4 - association of processed peptides with MHCII molecules in vesicle
5- expression of peptide MHCs complexes on the cell surface

40
Q

Give the steps in the antigen processing and presentation to CD8 cells

A

1- production of proteins in teh cytosol
2- proteolytic degradation of proteins
3- transport of peptides from cytosol to the ER
4- assembly of peptide- class I complex’s in the ER
5- surface expression of peptide -class I complexes

41
Q

Where are dendritic cells usually derived from?

A

Myeloid (but can be lymphoid as well)

42
Q

What happens when the dendritic cell is immature?

A

They capture the antigen and migrate to the lymphoid tissues where they mature and effectively present or show antigen to the T cells

43
Q

Give 4 subtypes of dendritic cells

A

Langerhans, interdigiting, plasmacytoid and follicular

44
Q

What is the only antigen presenting cell that can present to naive T cells ?

A

Dendritic cells

45
Q

Give the names of 5 tissue specific dendritic cells

A

Langerhans, interstitial, blood myeloid, plasmacytoid, blood monocytes

46
Q

Where would you find langerhans cells?

A

Skin

47
Q

Where would you find interstitial cells?

A

In the dermis

48
Q

Give the 3 types of other antigen presenting cells (nto tissue specific)

A

Macrophages
B cells
Endothelial (sometimes)

49
Q

What is the first signal in teh APC-Tcell interaction?

A

The T cell recognising the peptide using its Tcell receptor

50
Q

What is the second signal in teh APC-Tcell interaction?

A

The CD28 on the T cell and the CD80/86 on the APC also recognise each other

51
Q

What is the third signal in teh APC-Tcell interaction?

A

APC produces cytokines

52
Q

When the T cell enters the thymus , what happens if there is a productive TCR rearrangement?

A

It will go to see if it recognises self MHCs

53
Q

When the T cell enters the thymus , what happens if there is a non- productive TCR rearrangement?

A

Apoptosis

54
Q

What happens if the T cell doesnt recognise self MHC?

A

Apoptosis

55
Q

What happens if the T cell recognises self MHC?

A

It is positively selected for

56
Q

What happens if the TCR recognises self antigens?

A

Apoptosis

57
Q

If the TCR doesnt recognise self antigens what happens?

A

It moves into the cortico-medullary region and into the medulla

58
Q

What do CD4 T cells recognise on a MHCII?

A

A peptide in the binding groove

59
Q

What do T helper cells do?

A

Produce a cytokine profile which directs the immune response to a particular outcome

60
Q

What coreceptor do CD4 +Th1 cells express?

A

CD4

61
Q

What do CD4+Th1 help to do?

A

Activate the cellular immune response

62
Q

What do CD4+Th1 cells produce?

A

Gamma interferon

63
Q

What do CD4+Th1 cells activate?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

64
Q

What pathogens is the Th1 response effective against?

A

Intracellular infections, bacteria, Protozoa and viruses

65
Q

What do CD4+Th2 cells help to activate?

A

Humoral immune response

66
Q

What interleukins do CD4+Th1 cells produce?

A

4, 5, 13

67
Q

What immune cells do CD4+Th1 cells activate?

A

B cells to produce an antibody

68
Q

What do CD4+Th17 cells help to protect?

A

The gut mucosa

69
Q

What do CD4+Th17 cells recruit (and where to)?

A

Neutrophils to the site of infection

70
Q

What infections are the CD4+Th17 cells effective against?

A

Extracellular bacteria and fungi

71
Q

What response does CD4+Th17 cells promote?

A

Neutrophil mediated inflammation

72
Q

What coreceptors do CD4+Treg cells express?

A

CD4, CD35 and FoxP3

73
Q

What is the function of CD4+Treg cells?

A

Maintain immune tolerance and suppress immune responses

74
Q

What do CD4+Treg cells produce?

A

Anti-inflammatory cytokines IL10 and TGFbeta

75
Q

How do tregs affect the functions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells?

A

Inhibit the effector functions

76
Q

What does TGF stand for?

A

Transforming growth factor

77
Q

What do CD8+ cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Eliminate intracellular infections

78
Q

What do CD8+ cytotoxic T cells produce?

A

IL2, TNFalpha and gamma IFN

79
Q

Which T cell has a role in anti tumour immunity and rejection of transplants?

A

CD8+ cytotoxic

80
Q

How do CD8+ cytotoxic T cells kill (4)?

A

Contact delivers lethal hit
CCTL then detaches and targets another cell
Releases cytolytic molecules from intracellular stores
Triggers apoptosis in target cells

81
Q

How does perforin work?

A

Forms pores in target cell membranes which allows the entry of granzymes

82
Q

What are granzymes?

A

Serine-esterase proteases

83
Q

What do granzymes do?

A

Induce apoptosis

84
Q

What are the three types of granzymes?

A

A, B and C

85
Q

What do CTL cytolytic proteins act as?

A

A specific synapse between the CTL and target

86
Q

What do the CTL cytolytic proteins limit?

A

Any collateral damage

87
Q

What do caspases lead to?

A

Apoptosis

88
Q

Which granzyme can trigger an apoptotic pathway?

A

B

89
Q

What molecules ligates the Fasreceptor

A

FasL

90
Q

What do NKTcells express?

A

T cell markers and NK cell markers

91
Q

Give an example of the glycolipids NKTcells respond to

A

Alpha galactocyl ceramide

92
Q

What are NKTcells restricted through?

A

CD1d

Fundamentals Of Pathology (20 decks)

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