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fundamentals of pathology > Adaptive Immune System- Focus On B Cells > Flashcards

Adaptive Immune System- Focus On B Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance that can induce an adaptive immune response

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2
Q

Name a few things that antigens can be made up of

A

Short peptides, proteins, sugars, lipids and more

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3
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Proteins produced by adaptive immune cells that bind specifically to antigenic determinants

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4
Q

What is an antigenic determinant?

A

Relatively small part of foreign molecules that antibodies bind to

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5
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

General term to describe various small proteins secreted by cells that serve to regulate the immune system

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6
Q

How are cytokines named?

A

Often interleukin followed by a number but sometimes have other names linked to their function

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7
Q

What are chemokines?

A

The subtype of immune molecules that are involved in the movement and migration of immune cells

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8
Q

How do chemokines move cells?

A

Release chemicals in a gradient which guide the cells

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9
Q

What does CD stand for?

A

Cluster of differentiation

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10
Q

What is a CD?

A

Defines cell-surface molecules on immune cells that are recognised by specific monoclonal antibodies

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11
Q

What does the number after the CD stand for?

A

The order of its discovery

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12
Q

Do CDs have to be expressed specifically to one cell lineage?

A

No, can be found on many lineages

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13
Q

What is the defining characteristic of adaptive immunity?

A

Immune response is directed at a specific pathogens antigen and memory persists after initial encounter

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14
Q

What do lymphoid precursors do if they move into the thymus?

A

Mature into T cells

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15
Q

What do lymphoid cells mature into in the bone marrow?

A

B cells

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16
Q

What are the three large groups of B cell?

A

B1, B2 and regulatory B cells

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17
Q

Where do B1 cells mature?

A

In the liver

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18
Q

Where do B1 cells end up?

A

Peritoneum

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19
Q

Which immunoglobulin do B1 cells express on the cell surface?

A

IgM

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20
Q

What is the function of B1 cells?

A

Produce natural antibodies That are present in the absence of infection.

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21
Q

Do B1 cells require T cell help?

A

No

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22
Q

Where do B2 cells mature?

A

Bone marrow and spleen

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23
Q

What are the three types of B2 cell?

A

Follicular, transitional or marginal

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24
Q

Which is the most common type of B2 cell?

A

Follicular

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25
Q

Where are the follicular B2 cells located?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes)

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26
Q

Which type of B2 cell makes the majority of high affinity antibodies?

A

Follicular B2 cells

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27
Q

Do follicular B2 cells require T cell help?

A

Yes

28
Q

Where are marginal zone B2 cells found?

A

In the spleen

29
Q

What are the marginal zone B2 cells function?

A

First line of defence against blood-bourne pathogens

30
Q

Do marginal zone B2 cells require T cell help?

A

May or may not

31
Q

What is the function of regulatory B cells?

A

Produce responses that regulate the other two types

32
Q

What are the three stages of primary adaptive response?

A

Activation, proliferation and memory cells

33
Q

Why does the immune response decrease over time?

A

To maintain homeostasis

34
Q

What is the significance of the antibodies being specific?

A

Makes sure the response to a microbe is directed at a particular antigen of that microbe

35
Q

What is the significance of the antibodies being diverse?

A

The immune system is able to respond to a large variety of antigens

36
Q

What is the significance of the antibodies doing clonal selection and expansion?

A

Increases the number of antigen-specific lymphocytes to keep pace with microbes

37
Q

What is the significance of the antibodies being specialised?

A

Generates optimal responses against different types of microbes

38
Q

What is the significance of the antibodies contraction and homeostasis?

A

Allows for recovery and to avoid collateral damage

39
Q

What is the significance of the antibodies having a memory?

A

Increases the ability of the cell to combat repeated infections

40
Q

What is the significance of the antibodies having a very low reactivity to self?

A

Prevents injury to the host

41
Q

What are a lot of the symptoms of infection due to?

A

Collateral damage of the immune system and not directly related to the bug itself

42
Q

What are Ig glycoproteins made up of?

A

tetrameric - 2 light chains and two heavy chains

43
Q

How are the two light and two heavy chains held together?

A

Non-covalent interactions and disulfide cross links between cysteine residues

44
Q

How are Ig glycoproteins shaped?

A

Y shaped

45
Q

What is the fab fraction of the antibody?

A

Antigen binding bit

46
Q

What can the Fc fraction of the antibody be used to create?

A

crystals

47
Q

How are antibodies split into their Fab and Fc fractions?

A

Proteases cut the molecule at the hinge region

48
Q

What is the function of the variable region?

A

To bind to the antigen

49
Q

What is the constant region of an antibody responsible for?

A

Effector functions (activating complement, binding to phagocytes etc)

50
Q

What is the idiotype?

A

The variable region tip

51
Q

What is the isotype?

A

The Fc fraction and the bottom half of the variable region

52
Q

What is the tip of the Ig variable region called?

A

CDRs- complement determining regions

53
Q

How does an antibody bind to an antigen?

A

Electrostatic, hydrophobic, van der waals forces and hydrogen bonds

54
Q

What is a linear determinant?

A

The Ig can bind to the determinant in both the native and denatured protein

55
Q

What is a conformational determinant?

A

The Ig can only bind if the protein is folded

56
Q

What are the two ways an antibody can be found?

A

The surface of a B cell or secreted from a B cell

57
Q

How is an antibody attached to the surface of a B cell?

A

Anchored to the surface, with a TMD and a cytoplasmic tail

58
Q

How does the body make millions of different B cells with different random antigen binding sites?

A

Ig gene rearrangement, receptor editing, selection or somatic hypermutation

59
Q

How does clonal selection and expansion work?

A

Lymphocyte clones mature into generative lymphoid organs
Clones of mature lymphocytes specific for diverse antigens enter the lymphoid tissues
Antigen-specific clones are activated by antigens
Antigen-specific immune responses occur

60
Q

Why are most antibody responses polyclonal?

A

More than one clone of B cells is generated or more than one Ig is synthesised

61
Q

What are the 5 types of immunoglobulin isotopes?

A 
IgG (gamma) 
IgA (alpha)
IgM (mu)
IgE (epsilon)
IgD (delta)
62
Q

Which Ig isotype has the most subclasses (and what are their names)?

A

IgG

1, 2, 3, 4

63
Q

What is the Ig isotope that forms a pentameter?

A

IgM

64
Q

Which Ig isotope dimerises?

A

IgA

65
Q

What can the IgA dimer do that IgA on its own cannot?

A

Cross the muscosal barriers in the gut

66
Q

What are the 6 antibody effector functions?

A
  • neutralisation
  • opsonisation and phagocytosis of microbes
  • antibody dependant cellular cytotoxicity
  • phagocytosis of microbes with complement fragments
  • inflammation
  • lysis of microbes
67
Q

What are the two ways antibodies can opsonise a pathogen?

A 
Neutralise it (bind to the toxin so they cant attack cells)
Or bind to the antigens on the bacterial cell surface, which makes phagocytosis more efficient

fundamentals of pathology (20 decks)

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