PH

Question 1

HSMRs

Answer 1

(No. Deaths / expected deaths) x 100

those who died within 30 days of discharge

Question 2

Absolute risk

Answer 2

Risk of disease over time period

No events in group / No people in group

Question 3

ARR

Answer 3

P(risk in exposed) - P(risk unexposed)

Question 4

RRR

Answer 4

1 - RR

Question 5

Relative risk

Answer 5

Used to compare risk of two groups

1 = +ve correlation
0 = no association
-1 = -ve correlation

Question 6

PPV

Answer 6

Chance +ve result is correct

TP / TP + FP

Question 7

NPV

Answer 7

Chance -ve result is correct

TN / TN + FN

Question 8

Sensitivity

Answer 8

Test +ve when disease is present

TP / TP + FN

Question 9

Specificity

Answer 9

Tests -ve when no disease is present

Question 10

Data governance

Answer 10

Establishes processes that ensure quality & security of data used in an organisation

Question 11

RCTs

Answer 11

1. Design
2. Recruitment ——> give info & gain consent
3. Allocation
4. Follow-up
5. Analysis
6. Reporting results—-> uses CONSORT

Question 12

+ves for RCTs

Answer 12

Suitable for large samples

Clear, measurable impacts

Question 13

-ves for RCTs

Answer 13

Not suitable for small samples

Hard to measure results

Takes time

Question 14

NHS Health Check

Answer 14

40-74 y.o

Every 5 years

Diabetes
Heart disease
Kidney disease
Stroke & dementia

Question 15

Attributable risk

Answer 15

Excessive risk accounted for by an exposure

Question 16

Health promotion parts

Answer 16

Health education
Health protection
Disease prevention

Question 17

Study designs hierarchy

Answer 17

RCT
Cohort
Case-control
Cross-sectional
Ecological
Case series
Case report

Question 18

Cost minimisation

Answer 18

Cheapest option

Question 19

Cost utility

Answer 19

Assesses benefits using QALYs

Question 20

Cost effectiveness

Answer 20

Intervention cost compared via common outcome (e.g. years of life saved)

Question 21

Cost benefit

Answer 21

Compared the costs and benefits

Question 22

Case control

Answer 22

Disease status known when recruiting

retrospective

Question 23

Cohort study

Answer 23

Recruitment is independent of disease status

• Fixed: if people leave, they are not replaced
• Dynamic: if people leave, can be replaced if eligible

Selection criteria:
- representative of pop.
- disease free at start

Question 24

Confounding

Answer 24

Risk factor appears to be associated w/ disease but association is b/c of other unconsidered risk factors

Question 25

How do you decrease the effect of confounders

Answer 25

Matching design *Stratification*

Question 26

Bowel Ca screening

Answer 26

FIT test Every 2 yrs 60-74 y.o

Question 27

Breast screening

Answer 27

Mammogram 50-71 y.o

Question 28

Cervical screening

Answer 28

HPV test 25-64 y.o Every 3-5 yrs

Question 29

Newborn screening

Answer 29

72hrs Then 6-8 weeks

Question 30

Incidence

Answer 30

People that BECOME ill New cases / no. at risk

Question 31

Prevalence

Answer 31

People who ARE ill Cases / no. in pop.

Question 32

Variance

Answer 32

(Xi- mean)^2 / n - 1 Xi = select no. n = no. Observations

Question 33

S.D

Answer 33

Square root of Variance

Question 34

Standard Error

Answer 34

S.D / sq. root of n

Question 35

1, 2 and 3 S.D.

Answer 35

1 S.D = 68.3% 2 S.D = 95.5% 3 S.D = 99.7%