PH Flashcards

1
Q

HSMRs

A

(No. Deaths / expected deaths) x 100

those who died within 30 days of discharge

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2
Q

Absolute risk

A

Risk of disease over time period

No events in group / No people in group

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3
Q

ARR

A

P(risk in exposed) - P(risk unexposed)

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4
Q

RRR

A

1 - RR

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5
Q

Relative risk

A

Used to compare risk of two groups

1 = +ve correlation
0 = no association
-1 = -ve correlation

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6
Q

PPV

A

Chance +ve result is correct

TP / TP + FP

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7
Q

NPV

A

Chance -ve result is correct

TN / TN + FN

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8
Q

Sensitivity

A

Test +ve when disease is present

TP / TP + FN

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9
Q

Specificity

A

Tests -ve when no disease is present

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10
Q

Data governance

A

Establishes processes that ensure quality & security of data used in an organisation

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11
Q

RCTs

A
  1. Design
  2. Recruitment ——> give info & gain consent
  3. Allocation
  4. Follow-up
  5. Analysis
  6. Reporting results—-> uses CONSORT
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12
Q

+ves for RCTs

A

Suitable for large samples

Clear, measurable impacts

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13
Q

-ves for RCTs

A

Not suitable for small samples

Hard to measure results

Takes time

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14
Q

NHS Health Check

A

40-74 y.o

Every 5 years

Diabetes
Heart disease
Kidney disease
Stroke & dementia

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15
Q

Attributable risk

A

Excessive risk accounted for by an exposure

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16
Q

Health promotion parts

A

Health education
Health protection
Disease prevention

17
Q

Study designs hierarchy

A

RCT
Cohort
Case-control
Cross-sectional
Ecological
Case series
Case report

18
Q

Cost minimisation

A

Cheapest option

19
Q

Cost utility

A

Assesses benefits using QALYs

20
Q

Cost effectiveness

A

Intervention cost compared via common outcome (e.g. years of life saved)

21
Q

Cost benefit

A

Compared the costs and benefits

22
Q

Case control

A

Disease status known when recruiting

retrospective

23
Q

Cohort study

A

Recruitment is independent of disease status

  • Fixed: if people leave, they are not replaced
  • Dynamic: if people leave, can be replaced if eligible

Selection criteria:
- representative of pop.
- disease free at start

24
Q

Confounding

A

Risk factor appears to be associated w/ disease but association is b/c of other unconsidered risk factors

25
Q

How do you decrease the effect of confounders

A

Matching design

Stratification

26
Q

Bowel Ca screening

A

FIT test

Every 2 yrs

60-74 y.o

27
Q

Breast screening

A

Mammogram

50-71 y.o

28
Q

Cervical screening

A

HPV test

25-64 y.o

Every 3-5 yrs

29
Q

Newborn screening

A

72hrs

Then 6-8 weeks

30
Q

Incidence

A

People that BECOME ill

New cases / no. at risk

31
Q

Prevalence

A

People who ARE ill

Cases / no. in pop.

32
Q

Variance

A

(Xi- mean)^2 / n - 1

Xi = select no.
n = no. Observations

33
Q

S.D

A

Square root of Variance

34
Q

Standard Error

A

S.D / sq. root of n

35
Q

1, 2 and 3 S.D.

A

1 S.D = 68.3%
2 S.D = 95.5%
3 S.D = 99.7%

36
Q

1, 2 and 3 S.D.

A

1 S.D = 68.3%
2 S.D = 95.5%
3 S.D = 99.7%