Cardiovascular

Question 1

Dilated cardiomyopathy aetiology

Answer 1

genetic
infectious
alcoholism

Question 2

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy aetiology

Answer 2

genetic

Question 3

pathology in dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 3

dilation of chambers
weak walls

Question 4

pathology in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 4

asymmetric myocardial growth
overgrowth of septum
thick walls

Question 5

pathology in restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 5

rigid and non-compliant heart walls resist filling

Question 6

cardiac tamponade definition

Answer 6

buildup of fluid in pericardium, constricting heart.

Question 7

Beck’s triad (cardiac tamponade)

Answer 7

Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
Decreased arterial pressure

Question 8

When does acute cor pulmonale occur?

Answer 8

Sudden volume +/- pressure overload in the right side of the heart
e.g. large pulmonary embolism

Question 9

Risk factors for cor pulmonale

Answer 9

smoking
recent surgery (inc. risk of PE)

Question 10

Cor pulmonale signs and symptoms

Answer 10

Dyspnoea
chest pain
Peripheral oedema
Jugular venous distention
Hepatomegaly

Question 11

Cor pulmonale treatment

Answer 11

O2
Loop diuretic

Question 12

Type of oedema in R sided HF

Answer 12

Peripheral oedema

Question 13

Type of oedema in L sided HF

Answer 13

Pulmonary oedema

Question 14

What condition can renal artery stenosis cause?

Answer 14

Secondary HTN

Question 15

Renal artery stenosis pathology

Answer 15

Narrowing of renal artery
Dec. in renal blood flow
Stimulates renin release by juxtaglomerular cells
Leads to production of angiotensin II and aldosterone
Causes vasoconstriction and inc. reabsorption of Na and H2O

Question 16

Meds for renal artery stenosis

Answer 16

ACEi
CCBs

Question 17

Hypovolaemic shock types

Answer 17

Haemorrhagic
Non-haemorrhagic

Question 18

Physiological change in hypovolaemic shock

Answer 18

Low preload

Question 19

Physiological change in myopathic shock

Answer 19

Low contractility

Question 20

Physiological change in arrhythmogenic shock

Answer 20

Low HR
Low preload

Question 21

Types of cardiogenic shock

Answer 21

myopathic
arrhythmogenic

Question 22

Physiological change in obstructive shock

Answer 22

Low preload

Question 23

Physiological changes in distributive shock

Answer 23

Low SVR

Question 24

Types of distributive shock

Answer 24

Septic
Neurogenic
Anaphylactic
Endocrine/hypoadrenal

Question 25

Treatment for non-haemorrhagic shock

Answer 25

Fluids

Question 26

Treatment for haemorrhagic shock

Answer 26

Fluids Blood transfusion

Question 27

Treatment for cardiogenic shock

Answer 27

Diuretics ACEi Inotropes

Question 28

System used to diagnose DVT

Answer 28

Wells' score >2 = high likelihood of DVT <1 = low chance

Question 29

Meds for acute DVT

Answer 29

Low molecular weight heparin

Question 30

Meds for chronic DVT

Answer 30

Anticoagulants e.g. warfarin

Question 31

Equation for mean arterial pressure

Answer 31

MAP = CO x TPR

Question 32

Where are baroreceptors located?

Answer 32

Aortic arch Carotid sinus

Question 33

Baroreceptors that detect inc. and dec. BP

Answer 33

Carotid sinus

Question 34

Baroreceptors that detect inc. in BP

Answer 34

Aortic arch

Question 35

Lateral ECG Leads

Answer 35

I aVL V5 V6

Question 36

Leads I and aVL artery view

Answer 36

Left circumflex a.

Question 37

Leads V5 and V6 artery view

Answer 37

LAD L Circumflex a. RCA

Question 38

Inferior ECG leads

Answer 38

II III aVF

Question 39

Inferior ECG leads artery view

Answer 39

RCA L circumflex a.

Question 40

Anterior ECG leads

Answer 40

V3 V4

Question 41

Anterior ECG leads artery view

Answer 41

Distal LADA

Question 42

Septal ECG Leads

Answer 42

V1 V2

Question 43

Septal ECG leads artery view

Answer 43

Proximal LADA

Question 44

Stage 1 cardiac action potential

Answer 44

K+ Cl- OUT

Question 45

Stage 2 cardiac action potential

Answer 45

Ca2+ IN K+ OUT

Question 46

Stage 3 cardiac action potential

Answer 46

K+ OUT

Question 47

Stage 4 action potential

Answer 47

K+

Question 48

Cardiac action potential voltages

Answer 48

-96mV +52mV

Question 49

Cardiac action potential length of time

Answer 49

200ms