Cardiovascular Flashcards
Dilated cardiomyopathy aetiology
genetic
infectious
alcoholism
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy aetiology
genetic
pathology in dilated cardiomyopathy
dilation of chambers
weak walls
pathology in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
asymmetric myocardial growth
overgrowth of septum
thick walls
pathology in restrictive cardiomyopathy
rigid and non-compliant heart walls resist filling
cardiac tamponade definition
buildup of fluid in pericardium, constricting heart.
Beck’s triad (cardiac tamponade)
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
Decreased arterial pressure
When does acute cor pulmonale occur?
Sudden volume +/- pressure overload in the right side of the heart
e.g. large pulmonary embolism
Risk factors for cor pulmonale
smoking
recent surgery (inc. risk of PE)
Cor pulmonale signs and symptoms
Dyspnoea
chest pain
Peripheral oedema
Jugular venous distention
Hepatomegaly
Cor pulmonale treatment
O2
Loop diuretic
Type of oedema in R sided HF
Peripheral oedema
Type of oedema in L sided HF
Pulmonary oedema
What condition can renal artery stenosis cause?
Secondary HTN
Renal artery stenosis pathology
Narrowing of renal artery
Dec. in renal blood flow
Stimulates renin release by juxtaglomerular cells
Leads to production of angiotensin II and aldosterone
Causes vasoconstriction and inc. reabsorption of Na and H2O
Meds for renal artery stenosis
ACEi
CCBs
Hypovolaemic shock types
Haemorrhagic
Non-haemorrhagic
Physiological change in hypovolaemic shock
Low preload
Physiological change in myopathic shock
Low contractility
Physiological change in arrhythmogenic shock
Low HR
Low preload
Types of cardiogenic shock
myopathic
arrhythmogenic
Physiological change in obstructive shock
Low preload
Physiological changes in distributive shock
Low SVR
Types of distributive shock
Septic
Neurogenic
Anaphylactic
Endocrine/hypoadrenal
Treatment for non-haemorrhagic shock
Fluids
Treatment for haemorrhagic shock
Fluids
Blood transfusion
Treatment for cardiogenic shock
Diuretics
ACEi
Inotropes
System used to diagnose DVT
Wells’ score
> 2 = high likelihood of DVT
<1 = low chance
Meds for acute DVT
Low molecular weight heparin
Meds for chronic DVT
Anticoagulants e.g. warfarin
Equation for mean arterial pressure
MAP = CO x TPR
Where are baroreceptors located?
Aortic arch
Carotid sinus
Baroreceptors that detect inc. and dec. BP
Carotid sinus
Baroreceptors that detect inc. in BP
Aortic arch
Lateral ECG Leads
I
aVL
V5
V6
Leads I and aVL artery view
Left circumflex a.
Leads V5 and V6 artery view
LAD
L Circumflex a.
RCA
Inferior ECG leads
II
III
aVF
Inferior ECG leads artery view
RCA
L circumflex a.
Anterior ECG leads
V3
V4
Anterior ECG leads artery view
Distal LADA
Septal ECG Leads
V1
V2
Septal ECG leads artery view
Proximal LADA
Stage 1 cardiac action potential
K+
Cl-
OUT
Stage 2 cardiac action potential
Ca2+ IN
K+ OUT
Stage 3 cardiac action potential
K+ OUT
Stage 4 action potential
K+
Cardiac action potential voltages
-96mV
+52mV
Cardiac action potential length of time
200ms
