Pg 4-6 Flashcards
the endocrine systems’ most influential gland, under the influence of the hypothalamus, this regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
pituitary gland
an amplified recording of waves of electrical activity that sweeps across the brain’s surface, these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the skull
EEG
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a certain task
PET
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce a computer generated image that distinguishes between the types of soft tissue in the brain
MRI
connected to the base of the brain stem, controls our blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing
Medulla
screens incoming info, and filters out irrelevant info, controls arousal and attention
Reticular Formation
the brains sensory switchboard
Thalamus
above the medulla, makes chemical involved w/ sleep and facial expressions
Pons
the little brain attached to the rear of the brain stem, controls coordination, fire muscles movements and balance
Cerebellum
associated with emotions like aggression and fear and drives such as hunger, thirst, and sex (Hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala)
Limbic system
part of the limbic system that is involved in emotions, aggression, and fear
Amygdala
controls the metabolic functions of body temp., sex arousal, hunger, thirst, motivation/emotions, and the endocrine system –> the 4 f’s
Hypothalamus
part of the limbic system involved in learning and memory
Hippocampus
at side of brain above ears invloved in memory, perception, hearing
Temporal Lobe
lower back part of brain involved with processing visual info –> vision
Occipital Lobe
top of brain, discriminates between textures and shapes
Peripheral Lobe
located under forehead, involved with complex cognitive functions
Frontal Lobe
studied the effects of stimulation on the motor cortex
William Penfield
first lobotomy after a rod goes through his head; gives psych info on part of brain involved w/ emotions and reasoning
Phineasa Gage
Directs muscle movements involved with speech
Broca’s Area
involved in language comprehension
Wernicke’s Area
brain’s ability to modify itself after some kind of injury/illness
Plasticity
corpus callosum cut, not allowing info to travel to other side of brain
Split Brain
Responsible for higher thinking function, connects two side of brain
Corpus Callosum
logical, sequential tasks, solving math problems, verbal –> logical
Left hemisphere
Facial recognition, puzzle solver, emotional, artistic –> creative
Right Hemisphere
recieves info from skin surface and sense organs
sensory cortex
controls voluntary movements, on opposite side of body
motor cortex
lower brain, located at rear base of skull, responsible for reflective or automatic behaviors.
Hindbrain
Largest part of brain that controls what we think of as thoughts and reasons
Forebrain
located above Pons, integrates and relay sensory info to main part of brain
Midbrain
this occurs when positive ions enter the neuron, making it susceptible to fire an action potential
Depolarization
After a neuron has fired an action potential, it pauses for a short period to recharge, until it will fire again
Refractory period
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Threshold
a neural impulse that travels down the axon –> domino effect
Action potential
when the depolarized current exceeds the threshold of a neuron, it will fire unless it’s below, causing it not to fire
all-or-none
neurotransmitters that can’t find an area across the synapse to attach will be reabsorbed by the sending neurons
reuptake
activates motor neurons and skeletal muscles, too little = Alzheimer’s
Acetylcholine
contributes to voluntary movements and pleasurable emotions, lack of it causes Parkinson’s as too much causes schizophrenia.
Dopamine
natural pain killers created by brain, promotes pain relief, like morphine
Endorphins
involved in mood, regulation of sleep, appetite, and body temp, to little leads to depression as too much contributes to OCD and mania
Serotonin
affects memory, learning, and contribute to changes in mood, undersupply leads to depression
Norepinephrine
info processes guided by higher level mental processes, recognizing face & T/-\E C/-\T (I read ‘the cat’ no thinking)
Top-down processing
analysis of the stimulus begins w/ the sense receptor and works up to brain, /-\ (I see something, oh it’s an A)
bottom-up processing
minimum difference between two stimulus required for detection 50% of the time
JND
Smelling
Olfaction
focus of attention on selected aspects of the environment and block out the rest
Cocktail party phenomenon
comparing the information from each eyeball, the greater difference
Retinal disparity
the conversation of one form of energy into another, translates the incoming stimuli into a neural singal
transduction
process visual info into neural impulses
retina
protects and bends incoming light rays/ focus
cornea
focus light rays on the retina (accommodation)
lens
controls the pupil’s size
iris
central point (only cones) and see color
foves
adjusts opening to let in light
pupil
point at which there are no rods/cones
Blind spot
carries neural impulse to the brain
optic nerve
detect black, white, and gray (peripheral and night vision)
rods
detect color (l=fine detail) (mainly located in fovea)
Cones
the processing of several aspects of a problem, simultaneously
parallel processing
we have three types of cones in the retina: red, blue, green: we get other colors by mixing and lightening/darkening colors
Young-Helmholtz theory
the sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in pairs: red/green, yellow/blue, and black/white
Opponent Process Theory
the firing of the cones used after viewing something steadily
afterimage
process to tell if a baby has a sense of depth
visual cliff
loudness, measure in decibels
intensity
the pitch, a tone’s highness/lowness
frequency
sound waves collected
Source –> Ear canal –> eardrum (thin membrane that vibrates when hit)
outer ear
Transmits and amplifies the vibration
Hammer –> Anvil –> Stirrup –> Oval window
Middle ear
Change to neural impulse
Cochlea (snail shaped membrane filled w/ fluid that changes vibration to an electric symbol) –> Auditory Nerve –> Brain
Inner ear
If one sense is deprived, another will become stronger, ie. –> blind people have very good hearing
Sensory deprivation
after a while of constant stimulation, will stop detecting sense, ie. –> watch or bandage
sensory adaption
sense of body position and movement, balance
vestibular sense
a mental predisposition to see one thing rather than another
perpectual set
an organized whole, put all individual pieces together to get a big picure
gestalt
objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
Proximity
objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
Similarity
objects that form a continuous form are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
continuity
objects that make up recognizable imagine are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
closure
objects with similar size, shape and brightness are considered a set
constancy
gain ability to think about the way you think –> self-evaluation
metacognition
founder of classical conditioning while trying to study digestive system
Isaac Pavlov
Learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli
Classical Conditioning
stimuli that does not trigger a response
NS
stimuli that automatically triggers a response
UCS
an unlearned, natural response to the UCS
UCR
after association with the UCS, elicits a certain response
CS
the learned response to a previously neutral response
CR
