pg 13-15 Flashcards
if a problem occurs in one stage, similar problems may come up later in life
i.e.-> smoking is one, due to a lack of pleasure in oral stage.
Fixation
judging the likelihood of things in term of how well them seem to represent/match particular prototype
i.e. -> a short, slim, poetry reading man is an ivy league professor, not a truck driver.
representative heuristics
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory i.e. -> after a horrifying house fire, a person will think that a house fire is more common than a tornado hitting house, even if they live in a tornado valley because they can remember the house fire.
Available Heurisitcs
the inability to see the different uses of an object
i.e -> a paper clip’s only use is to clip papers
Functional Fixedness
the best time to learn a language is during childhood, kids are sponges and able to absorb the language better than in high school.
Noam Chomsky
Linguistic determination, language determines the way we think
Benjamin Whorf
the stage of speech development in which an infant utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household’s language
babbling stage
the stage of speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words, from age 1 to 2.
one-word stage
beginning at age 2, child speaks mostly in two word statements
two-word stage
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs, omitting auxiliary words.
Telegraphic stage
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
personality
hard-driving, aggressive, anger-prone, people
Type A
easygoing,relaxed people
Type B
unscripted, uncensored talking, which is supposed to provide clues to the unconscious parts of the mind
Free association
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives for basic sexual and aggressive drives, immediate gratification (devil)
Id
id operates on this - strives for pleasure, at all costs
Pleasure Principle
the largest conscious, executive part of the personality that mediates between the demands of the id, superego, and reality
Ego
the ego operates on this - you can’t always get what you want, realistically
Reality principle
the part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standard judgement and for future aspirations (angel)
Superego
go’s a productive method of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Defense Mechanisms
pushing bad thoughts to back of the mind, forgetting
Repression
refusing to accept reality, so say it didn’t really happen
Denial
taking your anger out on someone else
displacement
pushing your own feelings on to someone else
projection
showing the opposite feelings you have
reaction formation
going back to an earlier stage of development
regression
giving false reason why you did what you did
rationalization
putting bad urges into acceptable social ways
sublimination
a woman’s want for the man’s power
penis envy
neo-freudian feminist
horney
a man’s want to be able to reproduce
womb envy
all humans are basically good and have free will
humanism
people are genuine, accepting, and empathic
rogers
all our thoughts are feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, “who am I?” we strive to form a positive one. thy difference between a real self and an ideal self will form this
self-concept
who you really are in terms of personality
real self
who you want to be, your perfect self
ideal self
an attitude of total acceptance towards another person
unconditional positive regard
study, define, and track one’s traits over their life time, they don’t care about the why, just what they are
trait theory
a characteristic patter of behavior or a disposition to feel or act, as assessed by self-reporting inventories and peer reports
trait
organized, careful, and disciplined
conscientiousness
soft-heart, trusting, and helpful
agreeableness
calm, secure, and self-satisfied
neuroticism
imaginative, preference for variety, and independent
openness
sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate
extraversion
personality tests that provide ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projections of one’s inner dynamics
projective tests
most widely used projective test, a series of ten inkblots, the participant looks at the inkblot and say what they see
rorschach inkblots
participant is given a picture and they must make up a story about the picture
TAT
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identity emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes
MMPI
the perception that once can control their own fate
internal locus of control
the perception that one’s fate is controlled by an outside force and that they have no control over it
external locus of control
unconscious is really powerful, but contains more that bad thoughts, etc.
carl jung
jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
collective unconscious
followers of Freud who broke off due to his emphasis on childhood memories and sexually aggressive urges
neo-freudian
how capable we think we are in controlling event, determined by previous event, comparisons with other abilities, listening what other say about our capabilities and feedback from body
self-efficacy
when unable to avoid repeated adverse evets, the person/animal feels helpless and will not try any more to avoid/escape
learned helplessness
the avoiding of feelings of inadequacy and insignificance
inferiority complex
the tendency to overestimate others’ noticing and evaluating our appearances, performance, and blunders
spotlight effect
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
self-serving bias
