Pg 2-3 Flashcards
Explore the links between brain and mind
Biological
Study how we perceive, thinks, and solve problems
Cognitive
study that says that humans are basically good and posses a free-will
Humanistic
A study that says all beh is observable and measurable
Behavioral
study of the unconscious, includes childhood and aggression issues
Psychoanalystic
study of how cultural and political experiences
Sociocultural
study of the evolutionary of humans over time (from apes)
Evolutionary
study of our changing abilities from womb to tomb
Developmental
father of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
looking inward at one’s own mental processes
introspection
analyze sensation, images, and feelings into their most basic elements
Structuralism
man who said the brain and mind are constantly changing
William James
underlying causes and practical consequences of certain beh and mental strategies - “stream of consciousness”
Functionalism
man who discovered Tabula Rosa - mind is a blank slate at birth and is written through experience
John Locke
founder of psychoanalysis
Sigmund Frued
all beh is meaningful and driven by unconscious forces
Psychoanalytic theory
Aims to solve practical problems
applied research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge bas.
basic research
is a testable prediction, often induced by a thy, to enable us to accept, reject, or revise the thy.
Hypothesis
a factor, manipulated by the experimenter
IV
a factor that may change in response to the IV
DV
is an explanation that integrates principles, organizes, and predicts beh or event
Theory
a clear statement of what one is looking for in an experiment
Operational definition
it measure what you want it to be measured
Reliability
Process by which participants that can be selected for the sample
Population
take the results from a smaller group and apply that to a larger group of people
Representative sample
everyone has an equal chance of being selected for the experiment because the participants are chosen at random
random sample
group that does not take part in the critical part of the experimentation process, used as a comparison group
Control
the experimenter, either unconsciously, or consciously, affects the outcome of the experiment.
Experimenter bias
the subjects do not know what group they belong
Single-blind procedure
neither the experimenter nor the subject knows what group the subjects are in.
Double-blind procedure
If you know you’re being studied, you will act differently than you normally/typically would
Hawthorne effect
Sugar pill - something administered that has no real effect on the person other than what they think mentally.
Placebo
as one goes up, the other goes up
Positive correlation
as one goes up, the other goes down
Negative correlaton
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions, or beh of people in a questionnaire, or similar way of ascertaining information
Survey
observing and recording beh in the wild/natural environment
Naturalistic observation
get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants
case study
average of the scores - add them up and divide by total number of scores
mean
middle score - when all scored are put numerically in order, the middle score
median
the most frequently occurring score in the distribution
mode
the lowest score subtracted from the higher score
range
the average distance of scores around the mean
standard deviation
a type of standard score that tells us how many standard deviations units given a score is above or below the mean for that group
z-score
a fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds the neural impulse
Myelin Sheath
wire-like structure ending in the terminal that extends from the cell body
Axon
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
nuerons
neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors (nose, ears, hands) to the central nervous system
Sensory nuerons (afferent)
central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and the motor outputs
Interneuron
neurons that carry incoming information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
motor neurons (efferent)
chemical contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate; they fit into the receptor site of neuron-like a key fits into a lock
neurotransmitters
excite, by causing neurotransmitters to hit site multiple time
agonist
inhibits, by blocking neurotransmitters
antagonists
the brain and spinal cord
(CNS) Central nervous system
sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
(PNS) Peripheral nervous system
the division of the PNS that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
Somatic NS
the part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs, like the heart
Automatic NS
arouses the body
Sympathetic NS
calms the body
Parasympathetic NS
