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nbde biochem > pg 350-359 > Flashcards

pg 350-359 Flashcards

1
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GNFBXUmstbG9uODQ

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMHRtbno5dWpacUE

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2
Q

Greatest total area.

■ Large surface area.

■ Slowest velocity of an individual blood cell.

A

CAPILLARIES

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3
Q

Allows time for oxygen, nutrient exchange/diffusion

A

capp

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4
Q

Account for:

■ Largest drop in BP (~50% drop from arteries to arterioles).

■ Highest proportion of peripheral vascular resistance.

A

arterioles

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5
Q

Pressure decreases as blood moves through systemic circulation.

■ This pressure gradient is required for blood flow.

A

arterioles

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6
Q

blood vol

A

Most is held within the systemic venous circulation:

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7
Q

>60% in systemic veins.

■ >10% in systemic arteries.

■ <10% in arterioles and capillaries.

A

blood cvol

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8
Q

9% in pulmonary vessels.

■ 7% in heart.

A

blood vol

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9
Q

Ability to hold blood volume.

■ Act as a reservoir

A

capitance

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10
Q

Veins.

A

■ Capacitance vessels.

■ Dilate to accommodate blood volume.

■ Hold 50–60% of blood volume

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11
Q

In hypovolemia, veins/venules xxx

A

In hypovolemia, veins/venules constrict

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12
Q

Sympathetic mediated.

■ Compensatory.

A

In hypovolemia, veins/venules constrict

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13
Q

No clinical manifestations with 15–20% blood loss.

■ Helps maintain mean systemic filling pressure in the face of blood loss.

■ Preload is maintained with venous constriction

A

hypovolemia

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14
Q

Arterial constriction system has much xxx effect on mean systemic filling

pressure.

■ Arterial system contains relatively yyy amount of blood.

■ Arterial constriction zzz afterload.

A

Arterial constriction system has much less effect on mean systemic filling

pressure.

■ Arterial system contains relatively small amount of blood.

■ Arterial constriction increases afterload.

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15
Q

Capillaries do not constrict because they lack xx in their walls.

A

Capillaries do not constrict because they lack smooth muscle in their walls.

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16
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GZENTTFBoRmE1Rm8

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GR1BLRU96WTd4S28

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17
Q

tPr

A

TPR (peripheral vascular resistance).

■ Vascular resistance of the systemic circulation.

■ Mean arterial pressure minus central venous pressure divided by the cardiac

output (MAP – CVP)/CO.

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18
Q

Tpr

A

Increases with sympathetic activation; arteriolar constriction.

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19
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRlFfbmZjakJKRlU

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GS0pBY1FvTXo5Uzg

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20
Q

Blood flow from systemic circulation into venous

circulation.

A

TPR

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21
Q

Blood flow from veins back into arterial system.

A

CO

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22
Q

Amount of blood in systemic veins.

A

compliance

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23
Q

BP = xxxx

■ Systolic pressure/diastolic pressure yy

A

BP = CO °ø TPR.

■ Systolic pressure/diastolic pressure (120/80).

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24
Q

Pulse pressure = SBP – DBP.

A

■ Normal is (120 – 80) = 40.

■ Increases with age because of stiffened arteries (atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis)

25
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) =

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = ~DBP + pulse pressure/3.

■ MAP = CO °ø TPR.

26
Q

Vascular compliance – increase in xxxx in pressure.

■ yyy throughout the course of the cycle

A

Vascular compliance – increase in volume/increase in pressure.

■ Average pressure throughout the course of the cycle

27
Q

MAP is slightly less than halfway between y and z because diastole

is xxxx than systole

A

MAP is slightly less than halfway between SBP and DBP because diastole

is longer than systole

28
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GTlBWTFJrSHlqLWM

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GcFBCOXA5QzhpT28

29
Q

CO

A

Cardiac Output

■ Cardiac output (CO) = amount of blood pumped per minute.

■ CO = HR °ø SV.

30
Q

Stroke volume (SV).■

A

Amount of blood ejected with each beat.

■ SV = ~EDV – ESV.

■ Average SV is 70–80 mL.

31
Q

HR

A

HR

■ Bradycardia = <60 bpm.

■ Tachycardia = >100 bpm

32
Q

Average resting CO is xxx for men (10–20% less for women).

A

Average resting CO is ~5.6 L/min for men (10–20% less for women).

33
Q

CO

A

Varies depending on body activity, age, body size, and condition of heart.

34
Q

CO = O2 xxx/([O2] yyy – [O2] pulmonary artery).

A

CO = O2 consumption/([O2] pulmonary vein – [O2] pulmonary artery).

35
Q

ejection fraction

A

Proportion of end diastolic blood pumped out during diastole.

■ EF = EDV - ESV/EDV (or SV/EDV).

36
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRG5DVVNLRndHWXM

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GS18za2RPWkxlb00

37
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GYmJsMmNESVFaUUE

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMTRHZkNyY21Zdkk

38
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GVi03MDZkSEl6cVE

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GVi03MDZkSEl6cVE

39
Q

Heart Rate and Contractility

A

■ Increase with sympathetic activation and certain drugs.

■ However, remember that sympathetic activation also ↑TPR.

■ Remember, CO = HR °ø SV.

40
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GZXlIUUpIVVk4akU

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMnFoZ1lyUXpLNTg

41
Q

LaPlace’s Law =

A

Wall stress = Pr/t

■ P = pressure → afterload.

■ r = radius → preload.

■ t = thickness.

42
Q

Filling of the ventricles (EDV)

43
Q

VR

radius of ventricle

44
Q

TPR

BP

Aortic outflow tract (eg, narrowed

in aortic stenosis—fixed increase

in afterload

A

after load determinant

45
Q

■ Contraction pushes blood in veins back to heart.

■ Rhythmic contraction of leg muscles + presence of valves increase/

allow venous return.

■ Counteracts force of gravity (that tends to pool blood in feet).

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

46
Q

Compliance

A

■ Intrathoracic pressure

■ ↑ intrathoracic pressure: ↑ venous compliance : ↓ venous return.

■ ↓ intrathoracic pressure : ↓ venous compliance : ↑ venous return.

47
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

■ ↑ sympathetic tone: ↓ venous compliance (some constriction):

↑ venous return.

48
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GSnZUZWhYXzFrNE0

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GTFVmZDRfTjlON2s

49
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GT09aR2t1X0FMeUU

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUFFta3Z2a2NZclk

50
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GT0FRSW9lTDE3WFk

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUmVYSGpaOG5Lb3c

51
Q

diastolic

A

Aortic insufficiency

Mitral stenosis

52
Q

Mitral regurgitation

Aortic stenosis

53
Q

Automaticity

■ The spontaneous phase xxxx that generates Aps.

■ These electrical signals conduct to yyyy tissue, causing it to contract.

■ a node → b node → c bundles (His/Purkinje) → ventricular

myocytes → d

A

Automaticity

■ The spontaneous phase 4 depolarization that generates Aps.

■ These electrical signals conduct to atrial tissue, causing it to contract.

■ SA node → AV node → ventricular bundles (His/Purkinje) → ventricular

myocytes → ventricular contraction.

54
Q

Refractory period

■xxxx of heart allows relaxation (diastolic filling) and

prevents the heart from going into reentry (arrhythmia).

■ Takes yyy seconds for AP to spread through the heart.

■ Ventricular muscle’s refractory period is zzzz second.

■ Atrial muscle’s refractory period is aaaa second

A

Refractory period

■ Long refractory period of heart allows relaxation (diastolic filling) and

prevents the heart from going into reentry (arrhythmia).

■ Takes 0.22 seconds for AP to spread through the heart.

■ Ventricular muscle’s refractory period is 0.25–0.30 second.

■ Atrial muscle’s refractory period is 0.15 second

55
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GZXlIUUpIVVk4akU

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMEx6aUxUbnRsdGs

56
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GdG1SQ3VEdFdxVlU

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GU21zanZsV1huWlU

57
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GLXlOdFBBUFMyWlE

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GOEFVcFZxNnhLTFE

58
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GS0dfQmdob3ExZDg

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRk9yR3AwblhmRnc

nbde biochem (14 decks)

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