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nbde biochem > 290-299 > Flashcards

290-299 Flashcards

1
Q

nucleotides

A

Protein synthesis

■ Nucleic acid synthesis

■ Signal transduction pathways

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2
Q

nuceltides

A

Composed of three basic compounds:

■ Nitrogenous base

■ Purine

■ Pyrimidine

■ Pentose sugar

■ Deoxyribose

■ Ribose

■ Phosphate group(s)

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3
Q

Purines

A

pair with pyrimidines

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4
Q

Adenine—Thymine/Uracil (—-H-bonds).

■ Guanine—Cytosine (—- H-bonds).

A

Adenine—Thymine/Uracil (two H-bonds).

■ Guanine—Cytosine (three H-bonds).

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5
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8Gd25jNzZFNV93cW8

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8Gd0NtMG04OFZRZFk

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6
Q

purines

A

catabolize to Uric acid

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7
Q

antifolate and

anticancer drugs

A

purine

metabolic defects

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8
Q

Gout

Hyperuricemia

G-6-P deficiency

A

cat defect of purine

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9
Q

uracil and cytotoxine

A

rna bases of pyrimidine

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10
Q

thymine and cytosine

A

dna base of pyrimidine

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11
Q

UV light

Methotrexate

Other anticancer

drugs

A

metabolic defects of pyr

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12
Q

Rare (highly water soluble

A

pyr cat defect

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13
Q

β-Alanine

β-Amino-

A

pyr cat. to

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14
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWnp1Zy1QQmtRbTA

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWnp1Zy1QQmtRbTA

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15
Q

NA

A

Extremely polar and hydrophilic.

■ The “backbone” consists of pentose sugars linked by phosphodiester

bonds at the third and fifth carbon atoms.

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16
Q

Nuc. acid

A

The two polynucleotide chains are considered antiparallel and complementary

(one chain runs in the 5′ → 3′ direction; the other runs in the

3′ → 5′ direction).

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17
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GQlowWmVpYTRacEE

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMXE2REgxOWhXWTA

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18
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of syn of rrna

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19
Q

Most prevalent rna

A

rrna

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20
Q

nucelus

A

trna mrna

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21
Q

Carries amino acids
from cytosol

Contains an anticodon

(complementary

to ribosomes to mRNA codons)

A

trna

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22
Q

mrna

A

Carries genetic code

from DNA Contains codons to ribosomes

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23
Q

Least prevalent RNA.

Contains codons

(complementary

to DNA template

and tRNA anticodon)

A

mrna

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24
Q

deoxyribose sugars linked together via

A

phosphodiester bonds.

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25
Q

The backbone structure of a single RNA strand. It is constant:

A

ribose sugars linked together via

phosphodiester bonds

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26
Q

nucleosome

A

Consists of DNA wrapped around a histone octomer.

■ Held by ionic bonds

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27
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUEV6SXRjMDk3Q3c

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GX2dMMWJQampCd1E

28
Q

chromatin

A

Consists of nucleosomes, enzymes, gene regulatory proteins (transcription

factors), and small amounts of RNA.

29
Q

Unwinds the DNA molecule

A

helicase

30
Q

.

Secures the replication fork, where the two DNA strands

are separated into leading and lagging strands

A

■ Topoisomerase:

31
Q

Forms new complementary strands in the 5′ → 3′

direction.

A

DNA polymerase:

32
Q

Runs in the 3′ → 5′ direction. Synthesized continuously

A

Leading strand:

33
Q

Runs in the 5′ → 3′ direction. Synthesized in segments

(Okazaki fragments).

A

Lagging strand:

34
Q

Joins Okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase:

35
Q

Removes the nuclueotide primer

A

Exonuclease:

36
Q

Reforms the supercoiled structure once the replication fork

has passed.

A

DNA gyrase:

37
Q

DNA is used as a template to form RNA.

■ Occurs in the nucleus.

A

Rna syntesis

38
Q

DNA is unwound and the replication fork is exposed.

■ RNA polymerase binds to a promoter site on the DNA strand.

A

rna synthesis

39
Q

rna synthesis

A

Synthesis occurs in the 5′ → 3′ direction.

■

40
Q

Addition of a 5′ cap and a 3′ poly(A) tail.

■ RNA splicing:

■ Removal of introns (noncoding segments).

■ Subsequent joining of exons (coding segments).

A

rna synthesis

41
Q

An mRNA template is used to determine the specific amino acid sequence

for polypeptide synthesis

A

protein synthesis

42
Q

Occurs in the cytoplasm (in ribosomes).

■ A small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA.

A

protein synthesi

43
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GNXFJaGl5TE5ZZFU

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GSDI5MFdHUUcwOW8

44
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase■

A

: Adds each amino acid to tRNA.

45
Q

The complementary anticodon of tRNA (carrying the first amino acid)

A

binds to the mRNA start codon

46
Q

A —- ribosomal subunit attaches, forming a complete ribosome.

A

A large ribosomal subunit attaches, forming a complete ribosome.

47
Q

Synthesis occurs in the 5′ → 3′ direction

A

until a stop codon is reached

48
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GSk0takN3RllVX0U

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GQ1VDSWhmUFBtWkk

49
Q

Caused by mutagenic chemicals, radiation, UV light, and some viruses.

■ Due to failure of DNA repair mechanisms.

A

mutation

50
Q

■ Missense mutation:

A

Results in a codon that causes an altered amino acid

sequence (eg, valine replaces glutamate causing sickle cell anemia).

51
Q

Nonsense mutation:

A

Results in a stop codon that causes polypeptide

chain termination.

52
Q

Transverse mutation:

A

A purine is replaced with a pyrimidine, or vice

versa (the purine–pyrimidine orientation is changed).

53
Q

Transition mutation:

A

A purine is replaced with another purine, or a

pyrimidine is replaced with another pyrimidine (the purine–pyrimidine

orientation is not changed).

54
Q

Deletion or insertion of one or two base pairs, changing the reading frame

of the DNA template and the amino acid sequence.

A

frameshift mut.

55
Q

Amplification of the sequence of three nucleotides.

A

repeated mut.

56
Q

Forms a complementary strand of DNA from the original RNA.

■ HIV contains only a single-stranded RNA molecule and its own reverse

transcriptase.

A

reverse trans.

57
Q

Restriction endonucleases:

A

Cleave DNA at various points to allow addition

of various vectors, plasmids, cosmids, or bacteriophages

58
Q

DNA ligases:

A

Join DNA fragments.

59
Q

DNA polymerase:

A

Adds nucleotides.

60
Q

Exonucleases:

A

Remove nucleotides.

61
Q

Amplifies a target sequence of DNA.

■ Extremely sensitive, selective, and fast.

A

PCR

62
Q

Used extensively in forensic medicine.

A

PCR

63
Q
  1. Denaturation of the DNA sample into two strands
  2. Anneal primers to each strand
A

PCr

64
Q
  1. Copy each strand by a heat-stable DNA polymerase
  2. Repeat cycle resulting in exponential amplification of sample
A

PCR

65
Q
A

nbde biochem (14 decks)

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