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nbde biochem > 270-279 > Flashcards

270-279 Flashcards

1
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GaktvaVNZTmxMWG8

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUXpWbGxPdVZzYjQ

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2
Q

Heme is a

A

Heme is a cyclic structure

composed of four pyrrole

rings with a central iron atom.

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3
Q

hemoglobin

A

Stores O2 in muscle.

■ Similar structure to hemoglobin

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4
Q

Contains only one heme: can only associate with one O2 molecule.

■ Has much higher affinity for O2 than hemoglobin

A

hemoglobin

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5
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GdFRUWndWaG1kMXc

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GQy1HUi01MWlCcUE

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6
Q

lipid

A

Highly hydrophobic molecules.

■ Soluble in nonpolar solvents such as chloroform, ether, and other organic

solvents.

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7
Q

lipid

A

Cellular structure

■ Metabolism

■ Transportation

■ Storage

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8
Q

■ All are aliphatic (non-aromatic) carboxylic acids

A

FA

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9
Q

Basic building blocks of most lipids

A

FA

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10
Q

Most are esters, although some exist as unesterified free fatty acids.

A

FA

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11
Q

The carbon chain can be saturated or unsaturated.

■ Have an even number of carbon atoms with a terminal carboxyl group.

A

FA

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12
Q

FA

A

Most are nonessential (can be synthesized

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13
Q

Linolenic acid:

■ Linoleic acid:

■ Oleic acid:

■ Arachidonic acids

A

Linolenic acid: ω-3 fatty acid

■ Linoleic acid: ω-6 fatty acid

■ Oleic acid: ω-9 fatty acid

■ Arachidonic acids

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14
Q

FA

A

Only a few are essential (found in vegetable oils and animal fats):

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15
Q

Saturated:

A

No double bonds.

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16
Q

Monounsaturated:

A

One double bond, usually in “cis” configuarion

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17
Q

Polyunsaturated:

A

Multiple double bonds.

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18
Q

lipid type

A

Triacylglycerols

■ Phospholipids

■ Steroids

■ Eicosanoids

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19
Q

TG

A

Consists of three fatty acids acylated to a glycerol molecule.

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20
Q

TG

A

Important source of energy.

■ Stored in adipose tissu

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21
Q

tg

A

Transported in the plasma by lipoproteins.

■

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22
Q

TG

A

Increased TGs linked to atherosclerosis, heart disease, and stroke.

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23
Q

phospholiid

A

Consists of two fatty acids acylated to two carbons of a glycerol molecule

and a phosphate group esterified to the third carbon.

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24
Q

phospholipid

A

Hydrophilic head (phosphate group); hydrophobic tail (fatty acids

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25
Q

phospholipid

A

Derive from phosphatate.

■ Major constituents of cell and mitochondrial membranes.

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26
Q

phospholipid

A

Precursors for second messengers and metabolic intermediates.

27
Q

phospholipid

A

Increased TGs linked to atherosclerosis, heart disease, and stroke.

28
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GcHUtaThKY3M2Y28

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUlpOVm5CUXF0NnM

29
Q

choline

A

■ N+(CH3)3-CH2-CH2-OH

30
Q

choline

A

An essential nutrient.

■ Found mostly in phospholipids.

■ Found as lecithin in plasma cell membrane.

31
Q

choline

A

Precursor of betaine, an osmolyte used by kidney to control water balance.

32
Q

cholin3

A

Component of sphingomyelin, which forms myelin sheath. Insulates nerve

fibers and aids in rapid conduction on nerve impulses

33
Q

choline

A

■ Source of methyl group required for lipoprotein formation in liver.

■

34
Q

choline

A

Necessary for acetylcholine formation.

■ Active component of lung surfactant

35
Q

steroids

A

Cholesterol is the most basic steroid.

■ Major constituent of cell membranes and lipoproteins

36
Q

steroid

A

Commonly present as a cholesterol ester

37
Q

steroid

A

Conversion of HMG-CoA → mevalonate via HMG-CoA reductase is the RLS

38
Q

precursor for other steroid mol.

A

Bile salts

■ Sex hormones

■ Adrenocortical hormones

■ Vitamin D

39
Q

20-carbon long polyunsaturated fatty acids.

■ Derivatives of arachidonic acid

A

EICOSANOIDS

40
Q

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) releases arachidonic acid from plasma membrane

phospholipids upon hormone or cytokine stimulation or cellular

damage.

A

EICOSANOIDS

41
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GS0RvUWVId3h1VDQ

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GVUJoX2hqR0RrMjA

42
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8Ga2cwOW9HM2RnRUU

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GbTBOTmNwYTExWk0

43
Q

LIPOPROTEINS

A

Transport lipids in blood plasma.

■ Composed of a nonpolar lipid core surrounded by a single layer of amphipathic

phospholipids and cholesterol (see Figure 6–7).

44
Q

LIPOPROTEINS

A

Characterized by the protein moiety embedded in their outer layer

(apoprotein)

45
Q

LIPOPROTEINS

A

Contain triglycerides (16%), phospholipids (30%), cholesterol (14%), cholesterol

esters (36%), and free fatty acids (4%).

46
Q

LIPOPROTEINS

A

Choline is essential for the secretion of lipoproteins from hepatocytes,

especially very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).

47
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8Gc1MzYlJvQjYwdVU

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GVjRMYWdFTmpJYms

48
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUDRsQU1FSmNqWnM

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GSU1YZWVyd3F1NDQ

49
Q

bile salt

A

Aid in lipid absorption (emulsification and solubilization).

■ Absorption via micelles (water-soluble complexes).

■ Decrease surface tension of particles to break them into smaller sizes.

50
Q

bile salt

A

Formed from cholesterol in the liver.

51
Q

bile salt

A

Almost exclusively absorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver via the

enterohepatic (portal) circulation

52
Q

bile salt

A

Those that are not reabsorbed are excreted.

■ Surplus bile salts are stored in the gall bladder

53
Q

bile salt

A

Two major bile salts enter bile as glycine or taurine conjugates (occurs in

peroxisomes):

54
Q

Glycocholic acid: Glycine + cholic acid.

■ Taurocholic acid: Taurine + cholic acid.

A

bile salt

55
Q

lipid storage

A

Most lipid triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue

56
Q

LIPID (LYSOSOMAL ) STORAGE DISEASES

A

Inherited disorders of the reticuloendothelial system.

■ Caused by incomplete lysosomal breakdown of sphingolipids and mucopolysaccharides

within phagocytes, leading to their accumulation

57
Q

LIPID (LYSOSOMAL ) STORAGE DISEASES

A

Most are common to Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.

58
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GM2dRV2hMcWxTeUk

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWW1Kbll3emRQOVU

59
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUVIzX1VROXpRcFU

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRTBocl9nNWNEeDA

60
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWXI4ejBqLU9uRXc

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRTBocl9nNWNEeDA

61
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GN2NQRzR4T3dYQ0U

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUGZEZmVTN0RDejQ

62
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GdXgybUozWjg3bWc

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GZXR2NFdxamFGdEU

63
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation:

■ Oxidative phosphorylation:

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation: ADP + Pi → ATP.

■ Oxidative phosphorylation: Major source of ATP (aerobic

nbde biochem (14 decks)

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