300-309 Flashcards
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Function as barriers, separating the contents of cells and organelles
PM
Asymmetric sheetlike structures consisting of an outer and an inner
surface.
■ Outer: More carbohydrates (glycoproteins, glycolipids) and
glycosphingolipids.
■ Inner: More phospholipids.
Plasma mem.
PM
Selectively permeable, enabling only small, nonpolar molecules (O2,
CO2, etc) and water to easily pass.
■ Contain lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in varying ratios.
PM
Lipids and integral proteins generally interact noncovalently, allowing molecules
to move freely within the membrane
;ipids
Form an amphipathic lipid bilayer suspended in water with hydrophilic
head groups (on the outer and inner surfaces) and hydrophobic tail groups
(on the inside of the bilayer).
Phospholipids
■ Phosphoglycerides
Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin)
Phosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin)
■ Phosphatidylserine
■ Phosphatidyinositol
■ Sphingomyelin
Types of plasma membrane lipids:
Glycosphingolipids
■ Galactoceramide
■ Glucosylceramide
■ Gangliosides
■ Cholesterol and other steroids
PM lipids
Function as receptors, transport channels, enzymes, antigens, and other
structural components
proteins
Integral: Amphipathic proteins that are embedded within either one or
both (traverse the entire membrane) portions of the lipid bilayer.
■ Peripheral: Proteins that weakly bind to hydrophilic head groups on
the inner or outer membrane surfaces.
Two types of plasma membrane protein
Attach to proteins and lipids only on the external surface of cell membranes
CARB
Uniport:
Transport of a single molecule in both directions
.■ Coupled:
Transport of one molecule depends on the presence of another
(different) molecule.
Transports molecules in the same direction.
Transports molecules in opposite directions.
Symport vs. ■ Antiport:
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Facilitative bidirectional transporters of glucose
Glucose Transporters
GLUT-1:
Erythrocytes, brain
GLUT-2:
Liver, pancreas
GLUT-3:
Neurons
GLUT-4:
Muscle, adipose tissue
GLUT-5:
Intestines, testes
CNS =
brain + spinal cord
All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord:
PNS
Cranial nerves.
■ Spinal nerves.
■ Nerve plexuses.
■ Associated spinal and autonomic ganglia.
PNS
ANS =
nervous system involved in controlling involuntary functions.
■ Sympathetic.
■ Parasympathetic.
Right and left.
■ Connected by corpus callosum.
■ Thick white matter tract; nerve fibers
TWO CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
Frontal lobes.
■
Control skilled motor behavior (precentral gyrus
Parietal lobes.
■ Interpret somatosensory input (postcentral gyrus).
Occipital lobes.
■ Interpret visual input.
Temporal lobes.
■
Interpret auditory input.
Thalamus + hypothalamus
Diencephalon
thalamus
Ovoid mass of gray matter.
■ Ascending input (all sensory stimuli except olfactory) is relayed through
the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.
thalamus
Descending output (from cortex) can also pass through/synapse within
thalamus.
Collection of nerve cells (nuclei).
■ Lies subcortical (at base of cerebrum).
■ Controls homeostatic processes.
■ Often associated with autonomic nervous system
hypothal.
hyp.
Regulates:
■ Body temperature
■ Appetite
■ Water balance (thirst)
■ Sexual activity
■ Sleep
■ Emotions
■ Pituitary secretions: Releasing hormones to the pituitary gland (endocrine
system)
■ Autonomic functions: GI and cardiac activity, etc
heat reg.
Controlled by the posterior hypothalamus.
■ Both heat generation and heat loss.
Goal is to keep human body temperature constant.
■ Heat gained = heat loss.
heat regulation
Potent mechanism for heat production.
■ When body core temperature drops the shivering reflex is triggered,
■ Causes fibrillation of muscle for heat production.
shivering
When environmental temperature < body temperature,
■ Want to produce more heat
heat loss
heat loss
When exercise or warm environment,
■ Want to give off excess heat:
■ Vasodilation of skin vessels.
■ ↑ sympathetic outflow to sweat glands
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Primitive brain area.
■ Located deep in the temporal lobe.
■ Communicates with the cerebral cortex.
limbic system
limbic syste
Initiates basic drives:
■ Hunger
■ Aggression
■ Emotional feelings
■ Sexual arousal
Hippocampus
■ Functions in learning and memory
limbic system
Amygdala■
Center of emotions.
■ Communicates with autonomic system (fight or flight).
■ Oxytocin and ADH receptors
Located deep to cerebral cortex.
■ Controls complex patterns of voluntary motor behavior (inhibitory).
basal ganglia
Includes:
■ Caudate nucleus.
■ Putamen.
■ Globus pallidus.
■ Substantia nigra.
■ Subthalamic nucleus.
basal ganglia
