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nbde biochem > 310-319 > Flashcards

310-319 Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebellum

A

Lies posteroinferior to cerebrum, superoposterior to brain stem.

■ Morphologically divided:

■ Two lateral hemispheres.

■ Middle portion (Vermis).

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2
Q

cerebeluum

A

Functions (excitatory):

■ Maintains muscle tone.

■ Coordinates muscle movement.

■ Controls balance.

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3
Q

The basal ganglia and cerebellum modify movement on a —— basis. The output of the cerebellum is —— whereas that of

the basal ganglia is —–.

A

The basal ganglia and cerebellum modify movement on a minuteto-

minute basis. The output of the cerebellum is excitatory, whereas that of

the basal ganglia is inhibitory.

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4
Q

These two systems work together to achieve —– —–movement.

A

These two systems work together to achieve smooth, coordinated movement.

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5
Q

Connects dorsally with the cerebellum.

■ Large voluntary motor nerve tracts pass through.

A

Midbrain (Mesencephalon

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6
Q

Location of:

■ CN III, IV nuclei (connect with VI via MLF).

■ Substantia nigra. (See also “Parkinson’s Disease” in Neuropathology

A

midbrain

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7
Q

Between the midbrain and medulla.

■ Connects to the cerebellum posteriorly.

A

PONS

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8
Q

PONS

A

Location of:

■ CN V, VI, VII, VIII nuclei.

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9
Q

Most inferior segment of vertebrate brain.

■ Continues with the spinal cord below.

■ Joins the spinal cord at foramen magnum

A

med. obl.

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10
Q

Contains:

■ Important regulatory centers:

■ Area postrema—vomiting.

■ Swallowing.

■ Cardiac.

■ Vasomotor.

■ Respiratory.

A

med. obl.

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11
Q

CN IX, X, XI, XII nuclei.

A

MEd. Obl.

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12
Q

Afferent neurons: From sensory receptors to CNS.

■ Efferent neurons: From CNS to muscles, organs, and glands (and their

associated ganglia and plexuses)

A

PNS

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13
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWDFqU1plQkhUOFk

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GSDlwSFc1MzRMSEk

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14
Q

BASIC ANATOMIC PATHWAY

Preganglionic neuron (within CNS).

↓

xxxxxx

↓

Postganglionic neuron (outside of the CNS).

↓

yyyyyy

A

BASIC ANATOMIC PATHWAY

Preganglionic neuron (within CNS).

↓

Ganglion (cell bodies of postganglionic neurons; outside of the CNS).

↓

Postganglionic neuron (outside of the CNS).

↓

Effector organ

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15
Q

Autonomic Ganglia

■

A

Collections of cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons (unmyelinated).

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16
Q

Sympathetic: Sympathetic —- —– (near spinal cord) (paravertebral):

—– preganglionic neuron.

—–postganglionic neuron.

A

Sympathetic: Sympathetic chain ganglia (near spinal cord) (paravertebral):

■ Short preganglionic neuron.

■ Long postganglionic neuron.

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17
Q

Parasympathetic: Ganglia at, within organ (eg, celiac ganglion):

■ Long preganglionic neuron.

■ Short postganglionic neuron.

A

Parasympathetic: Ganglia at, —– organ (eg, celiac ganglion):

x preganglionic neuron.

y postganglionic neuron.

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18
Q

Craniosacral: Composed of:

■ CN nuclei (ie, III-ciliary, VII- submandibular and pterygopalatine, IX-otic).

——(pelvic splanchnic).

■ Major nerve is the xxx nerve (CN X): Originates in yyyyyy.

A

Craniosacral: Composed of:

■ CN nuclei (ie, III-ciliary, VII- submandibular and pterygopalatine, IX-otic).

■ S2–S4 (pelvic splanchnic).

■ Major nerve is the vagus nerve (CN X): Originates in medulla.

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19
Q

Preganglionic neuron (myelinated)

■ Cholinergic (releases xxxx).

■ Binds yyyyy cholinergic receptors on postganglionic neurons (zzz)

A

Preganglionic neuron (myelinated)

■ Cholinergic (releases Ach).

■ Binds nicotinic cholinergic receptors on postganglionic neurons (ganglia

within effector).

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20
Q

Postganglionic neuron (unmyelinated)■

A

Cholinergic (releases Ach).

■ Binds muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the tissue

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21
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GcXpGODNjMUdoUFk

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GaUNtbFRPcTZSTkE

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22
Q

All xxxxx autonomic neurons (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)

and all yyyyy parasympathetic neurons are ——

(use zzzz as NT).

A

All preganglionic autonomic neurons (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)

and all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are cholinergic

(use Ach as NT).

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23
Q

Cholinergic effects of xxxx autonomic systems (at ganglia of sympathetic

and parasympathetic systems) are zzz

A

Cholinergic effects of preganglionic autonomic systems (at ganglia of sympathetic

and parasympathetic systems) are excitatory

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24
Q

Cholinergic effects of xxxx parasympathetic fibers are either yyyy

or zzzz, depending on the tttt (eg, parasympathetic fibers

innervating heart vvv HR).

A

Cholinergic effects of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are either excitatory

or inhibitory, depending on the end-organ (eg, parasympathetic fibers

innervating heart ↓ HR).

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25
Q

SNS

A

Thoracolumbar.

■ Composed of spinal segments T1–L3.

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26
Q

Sym nervous system

A

Exerts widespread effect because of high ratio of postganglionic to preganglionic

fibers.

■ Each sympathetic preganglionic neuron branches extensively and

synapses with numerous postganglionic neurons

27
Q

Preganglionic neuron (myelinated)

A

Cholinergic (releases Ach).

■ Binds nicotinic cholinergic receptors on postganglionic neurons (ganglia

within effector).

■ Each preganglionic parasympathetic neuron synapses with many postganglionic

parasympathetic neurons

28
Q

Postganglionic neuron (unmyelinated)

A

■ Adrenergic (releases NE).

■ Binds adrenergic receptors in the tissue except sweat glands and skeletal

muscle blood vessels.

29
Q

ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS■

A

Membrane receptor proteins.

■ G-protein-coupled receptors.

■ Located on autonomic effector organs.

■ Bound by catecholamine ligands (epinephrine, norepinephrine).

■ Norepinephrine (NE) stimulates mainly alpha receptors.

■ Epinephrine stimulates both alpha and beta equally

30
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GbFFjNkUyY2lSLVE

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GazRlOXBKdlZyVnc

31
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GVUl5dXQwLXd3Y0E

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GdjlUaGl2YkV6R3c

32
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMVp3czVNSVV4NlE

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRGdfRk85MTAyTFk

33
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GR1BkdC1OVWN3WW8

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRTQtY3MzcXVWZjg

34
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GLVdDQmhtNU1pM28

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GR1h2Z1BDVVhHczg

35
Q

receptor

A

■ Receive information from internal or external environment.

■ Send nerve impulses to CNS.

■ Two broad types: According to location of stimuli.

36
Q

Exteroreceptors: Receive external stimuli (from body surface):■

A

Touch.

■ Pressure.

■ Pain.

■ Temperature.

■ Light.

■ Sound.

37
Q

Interoreceptors (visceroreceptors): Receive input from internal environment

of body:

A

■ Pressure.

■ Pain.

■ Chemical changes.

38
Q

PROPRIORECEPTORS

A

■ Type of interoceptor.

■ Relays information concerning position of body parts (in space).

39
Q

propioception

A

Separate from visual input.

■ Kinesthetic sense

■ Located in muscles, tendons, joints.

■ Communicate with the vestibular apparatus.

40
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GQ2cxSlpDZEhWTVU

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GcnQwOGI1SWZwM1U

41
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GSEw2ckIzMjhBbFE

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8Gc0RsTTZFOXY2Z00

42
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRnItQ19CXzROMnc

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GU0hTcjJNSy1QUGM

43
Q

SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT (ANTEROLATERAL SYSTEM )

■ Lateral spinothalamic tract: T

■

A

transmits pain and temperature.

44
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract: T

A

transmits light touch

45
Q

pathway spinothalamic tract

Sensory nerve

↓

xxxxxx

↓

Cross to opposite side of cord via anterior white commisure (decussate at level

enters cord) via Lissaure’s tract; secondary neuron

↓

yyyyyyy

↓

Thalamus (tertiary neuron, in VPL)

↓

zzzzz

A

Sensory nerve

↓

Dorsal horn of spinal cord gray matter (travel in Lissauers tract and then

synapse on secondary neurons)

↓

Cross to opposite side of cord via anterior white commisure (decussate at level

enters cord) via Lissaure’s tract; secondary neuron

↓

Ascend contralateral spinal cord (through anterior and lateral white matter

columns/tracts)

↓

Thalamus (tertiary neuron, in VPL)

↓

Somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

46
Q

DORSAL COLUMN , MEDIAL LEMNISCUS SYSTEM

A

■ Conveys touch, pressure, and vibration

47
Q

Sensory nerve

↓

Dorsal horn of spinal cord gray matter

↓

yyyyy

↓

Posterior columns: Fasciculus gracilis (fibers from lower extremities) and

Fasciculus cuneatis (fibers from upper extremities)

↓

Synapse in medulla (nucleus gracilis and cuneatis)

↓

xxxxxx

↓

Thalamus

↓

zzzzz

A

Sensory nerve

↓

Dorsal horn of spinal cord gray matter

↓

Ascend ipsilateral spinal cord

↓

Posterior columns: Fasciculus gracilis (fibers from lower extremities) and

Fasciculus cuneatis (fibers from upper extremities)

↓

Synapse in medulla (nucleus gracilis and cuneatis)

↓

Internal arcuate fibers decussate and ascend contralateral brain stem in medial

lemniscus

↓

Thalamus

↓

Somatosensory cortex

48
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMUJhLTJnNEFSLU0

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRlNlZHhhU3I5V1U

49
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GR2ZoUjFuVEJHcHM

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWS1GY0JsWjJfUHc

50
Q

Descending Motor Tracts (Efferent or Descending Pathways)

■

A

The upper motor neuron tracts sending signals from the brain muscles

51
Q

MOTOR PATHWAY

Motor area of brain (precentral gyrus of frontal lobe)

↓

xxxxx

↓

Lower motor neurons

↓

yyyy

A

MOTOR PATHWAY

Motor area of brain (precentral gyrus of frontal lobe)

↓

Upper motor neurons (= descending motor tracts, eg, corticospinal tract)

↓

Lower motor neurons

↓

Skeletal muscle

52
Q

Upper Motor Neurons■

A

Originate in white matter of brain.

■ Form two major systems:

■ Corticospinal tract (pyramidal system).

■ Extrapyramidal system.

53
Q

Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal System)

A

Two components:

■ Lateral (70–90%).

■ Anterior/ventral (10–30%).

54
Q

Travel via primary motor cortex through internal capsule to medulla.

■ Decussate in medulla (pyramids).

■ Continue down opposite side of spinal cord →

anterior horn → lower motor neurons → muscles.

■ Right brain controls left somatic muscles

A

corticocpinal tract

55
Q

Control fine, skilled movements of skeletal muscle.

A

corticospinal tract

56
Q

(red nucleus in midbrain—voluntary movements).

■ Important for somatic muscle control, posture

A

Rubrospinal

57
Q

Reticulospinal—

A

important for somatic motor control and autonomic

function control (reticular nuclei, pons, and medulla) (reticular formation

(diffuse brain stem nuclei); coordinate locomotion, mediate

autonomic).

58
Q

Olivospinal (

A

inferior olive—motor learning).

59
Q

Vestibulospinal (

A

vestibular nuclei—control limb extensors, head and

neck (gaze)) mediates vestibular end organ and cerebellum upon

extensive muscle tone and balance

60
Q

Tectospinal

A

(superior colliculus—coordinate neck, head, and eye

movements).

61
Q

Travel from premotor area of frontal lobe (and other areas) to pons.

■ Decussate in pons.

■ Continue down opposite side of spinal cord →

anterior horn → lower motor neurons → muscles.

■ Right brain controls left lower motor neuron.

A

extrapyramidal

62
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

Controls gross motor movement, posture, and balance.

63
Q
A

nbde biochem (14 decks)

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