310-319

Question 1

Cerebellum

Answer 1

Lies posteroinferior to cerebrum, superoposterior to brain stem.

■ Morphologically divided:

■ Two lateral hemispheres.

■ Middle portion (Vermis).

Question 2

cerebeluum

Answer 2

Functions (excitatory):

■ Maintains muscle tone.

■ Coordinates muscle movement.

■ Controls balance.

Question 3

The basal ganglia and cerebellum modify movement on a —— basis. The output of the cerebellum is —— whereas that of

the basal ganglia is —–.

Answer 3

The basal ganglia and cerebellum modify movement on a minuteto-

minute basis. The output of the cerebellum is excitatory, whereas that of

the basal ganglia is inhibitory.

Question 4

These two systems work together to achieve —– —–movement.

Answer 4

These two systems work together to achieve smooth, coordinated movement.

Question 5

Connects dorsally with the cerebellum.

■ Large voluntary motor nerve tracts pass through.

Answer 5

Midbrain (Mesencephalon

Question 6

Location of:

■ CN III, IV nuclei (connect with VI via MLF).

■ Substantia nigra. (See also “Parkinson’s Disease” in Neuropathology

Answer 6

midbrain

Question 7

Between the midbrain and medulla.

■ Connects to the cerebellum posteriorly.

Answer 7

PONS

Question 8

PONS

Answer 8

Location of:

■ CN V, VI, VII, VIII nuclei.

Question 9

Most inferior segment of vertebrate brain.

■ Continues with the spinal cord below.

■ Joins the spinal cord at foramen magnum

Answer 9

med. obl.

Question 10

Contains:

■ Important regulatory centers:

■ Area postrema—vomiting.

■ Swallowing.

■ Cardiac.

■ Vasomotor.

■ Respiratory.

Answer 10

med. obl.

Question 11

CN IX, X, XI, XII nuclei.

Answer 11

MEd. Obl.

Question 12

Afferent neurons: From sensory receptors to CNS.

■ Efferent neurons: From CNS to muscles, organs, and glands (and their

associated ganglia and plexuses)

Answer 12

PNS

Question 13

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWDFqU1plQkhUOFk

Answer 13

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GSDlwSFc1MzRMSEk

Question 14

BASIC ANATOMIC PATHWAY

Preganglionic neuron (within CNS).

↓

xxxxxx

↓

Postganglionic neuron (outside of the CNS).

↓

yyyyyy

Answer 14

BASIC ANATOMIC PATHWAY

Preganglionic neuron (within CNS).

↓

Ganglion (cell bodies of postganglionic neurons; outside of the CNS).

↓

Postganglionic neuron (outside of the CNS).

↓

Effector organ

Question 15

Autonomic Ganglia

■

Answer 15

Collections of cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons (unmyelinated).

Question 16

Sympathetic: Sympathetic —- —– (near spinal cord) (paravertebral):

—– preganglionic neuron.

—–postganglionic neuron.

Answer 16

Sympathetic: Sympathetic chain ganglia (near spinal cord) (paravertebral):

■ Short preganglionic neuron.

■ Long postganglionic neuron.

Question 17

Parasympathetic: Ganglia at, within organ (eg, celiac ganglion):

■ Long preganglionic neuron.

■ Short postganglionic neuron.

Answer 17

Parasympathetic: Ganglia at, —– organ (eg, celiac ganglion):

x preganglionic neuron.

y postganglionic neuron.

Question 18

Craniosacral: Composed of:

■ CN nuclei (ie, III-ciliary, VII- submandibular and pterygopalatine, IX-otic).

——(pelvic splanchnic).

■ Major nerve is the xxx nerve (CN X): Originates in yyyyyy.

Answer 18

Craniosacral: Composed of:

■ CN nuclei (ie, III-ciliary, VII- submandibular and pterygopalatine, IX-otic).

■ S2–S4 (pelvic splanchnic).

■ Major nerve is the vagus nerve (CN X): Originates in medulla.

Question 19

Preganglionic neuron (myelinated)

■ Cholinergic (releases xxxx).

■ Binds yyyyy cholinergic receptors on postganglionic neurons (zzz)

Answer 19

Preganglionic neuron (myelinated)

■ Cholinergic (releases Ach).

■ Binds nicotinic cholinergic receptors on postganglionic neurons (ganglia

within effector).

Question 20

Postganglionic neuron (unmyelinated)■

Answer 20

Cholinergic (releases Ach).

■ Binds muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the tissue

Question 21

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GcXpGODNjMUdoUFk

Answer 21

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GaUNtbFRPcTZSTkE

Question 22

All xxxxx autonomic neurons (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)

and all yyyyy parasympathetic neurons are ——

(use zzzz as NT).

Answer 22

All preganglionic autonomic neurons (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)

and all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are cholinergic

(use Ach as NT).

Question 23

Cholinergic effects of xxxx autonomic systems (at ganglia of sympathetic

and parasympathetic systems) are zzz

Answer 23

Cholinergic effects of preganglionic autonomic systems (at ganglia of sympathetic

and parasympathetic systems) are excitatory

Question 24

Cholinergic effects of xxxx parasympathetic fibers are either yyyy

or zzzz, depending on the tttt (eg, parasympathetic fibers

innervating heart vvv HR).

Answer 24

Cholinergic effects of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are either excitatory

or inhibitory, depending on the end-organ (eg, parasympathetic fibers

innervating heart ↓ HR).

Question 25

SNS

Answer 25

Thoracolumbar. ■ Composed of spinal segments T1–L3.

Question 26

Sym nervous system

Answer 26

Exerts widespread effect because of high ratio of postganglionic to preganglionic fibers. ■ Each sympathetic preganglionic neuron branches extensively and synapses with numerous postganglionic neurons

Question 27

Preganglionic neuron (myelinated)

Answer 27

Cholinergic (releases Ach). ■ Binds nicotinic cholinergic receptors on postganglionic neurons (ganglia within effector). ■ Each preganglionic parasympathetic neuron synapses with many postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Question 28

Postganglionic neuron (unmyelinated)

Answer 28

■ Adrenergic (releases NE). ■ Binds adrenergic receptors in the tissue except sweat glands and skeletal muscle blood vessels.

Question 29

ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS■

Answer 29

Membrane receptor proteins. ■ G-protein-coupled receptors. ■ Located on autonomic effector organs. ■ Bound by catecholamine ligands (epinephrine, norepinephrine). ■ Norepinephrine (NE) stimulates mainly alpha receptors. ■ Epinephrine stimulates both alpha and beta equally

Question 30

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GbFFjNkUyY2lSLVE

Answer 30

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GazRlOXBKdlZyVnc

Question 31

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GVUl5dXQwLXd3Y0E

Answer 31

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GdjlUaGl2YkV6R3c

Question 32

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMVp3czVNSVV4NlE

Answer 32

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRGdfRk85MTAyTFk

Question 33

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GR1BkdC1OVWN3WW8

Answer 33

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRTQtY3MzcXVWZjg

Question 34

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GLVdDQmhtNU1pM28

Answer 34

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GR1h2Z1BDVVhHczg

Question 35

receptor

Answer 35

■ Receive information from internal or external environment. ■ Send nerve impulses to CNS. ■ Two broad types: According to location of stimuli.

Question 36

Exteroreceptors: Receive external stimuli (from body surface):■

Answer 36

Touch. ■ Pressure. ■ Pain. ■ Temperature. ■ Light. ■ Sound.

Question 37

Interoreceptors (visceroreceptors): Receive input from internal environment of body:

Answer 37

■ Pressure. ■ Pain. ■ Chemical changes.

Question 38

PROPRIORECEPTORS

Answer 38

■ Type of interoceptor. ■ Relays information concerning position of body parts (in space).

Question 39

propioception

Answer 39

Separate from visual input. ■ Kinesthetic sense ■ Located in muscles, tendons, joints. ■ Communicate with the vestibular apparatus.

Question 40

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GQ2cxSlpDZEhWTVU

Answer 40

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GcnQwOGI1SWZwM1U

Question 41

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GSEw2ckIzMjhBbFE

Answer 41

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8Gc0RsTTZFOXY2Z00

Question 42

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRnItQ19CXzROMnc

Answer 42

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GU0hTcjJNSy1QUGM

Question 43

SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT (ANTEROLATERAL SYSTEM ) ■ Lateral spinothalamic tract: T ■

Answer 43

transmits pain and temperature.

Question 44

Anterior spinothalamic tract: T

Answer 44

transmits light touch

Question 45

pathway spinothalamic tract ## Footnote Sensory nerve ↓ xxxxxx ↓ Cross to opposite side of cord via anterior white commisure (decussate at level enters cord) via Lissaure’s tract; secondary neuron ↓ yyyyyyy ↓ Thalamus (tertiary neuron, in VPL) ↓ zzzzz

Answer 45

Sensory nerve ↓ Dorsal horn of spinal cord gray matter (travel in Lissauers tract and then synapse on secondary neurons) ↓ Cross to opposite side of cord via anterior white commisure (decussate at level enters cord) via Lissaure’s tract; secondary neuron ↓ Ascend contralateral spinal cord (through anterior and lateral white matter columns/tracts) ↓ Thalamus (tertiary neuron, in VPL) ↓ Somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

Question 46

DORSAL COLUMN , MEDIAL LEMNISCUS SYSTEM

Answer 46

■ Conveys touch, pressure, and vibration

Question 47

Sensory nerve ↓ Dorsal horn of spinal cord gray matter ↓ yyyyy ↓ Posterior columns: Fasciculus gracilis (fibers from lower extremities) and Fasciculus cuneatis (fibers from upper extremities) ↓ Synapse in medulla (nucleus gracilis and cuneatis) ↓ xxxxxx ↓ Thalamus ↓ zzzzz

Answer 47

Sensory nerve ↓ Dorsal horn of spinal cord gray matter ↓ Ascend ipsilateral spinal cord ↓ Posterior columns: Fasciculus gracilis (fibers from lower extremities) and Fasciculus cuneatis (fibers from upper extremities) ↓ Synapse in medulla (nucleus gracilis and cuneatis) ↓ Internal arcuate fibers decussate and ascend contralateral brain stem in medial lemniscus ↓ Thalamus ↓ Somatosensory cortex

Question 48

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMUJhLTJnNEFSLU0

Answer 48

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRlNlZHhhU3I5V1U

Question 49

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GR2ZoUjFuVEJHcHM

Answer 49

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWS1GY0JsWjJfUHc

Question 50

Descending Motor Tracts (Efferent or Descending Pathways) ■

Answer 50

The upper motor neuron tracts sending signals from the brain muscles

Question 51

MOTOR PATHWAY Motor area of brain (precentral gyrus of frontal lobe) ↓ xxxxx ↓ Lower motor neurons ↓ yyyy

Answer 51

MOTOR PATHWAY Motor area of brain (precentral gyrus of frontal lobe) ↓ Upper motor neurons (= descending motor tracts, eg, corticospinal tract) ↓ Lower motor neurons ↓ Skeletal muscle

Question 52

Upper Motor Neurons■

Answer 52

Originate in white matter of brain. ■ Form two major systems: ■ Corticospinal tract (pyramidal system). ■ Extrapyramidal system.

Question 53

Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal System)

Answer 53

Two components: ■ Lateral (70–90%). ■ Anterior/ventral (10–30%).

Question 54

Travel via primary motor cortex through internal capsule to medulla. ■ Decussate in medulla (pyramids). ■ Continue down opposite side of spinal cord → anterior horn → lower motor neurons → muscles. ■ Right brain controls left somatic muscles

Answer 54

corticocpinal tract

Question 55

Control fine, skilled movements of skeletal muscle.

Answer 55

corticospinal tract

Question 56

(red nucleus in midbrain—voluntary movements). ■ Important for somatic muscle control, posture

Answer 56

Rubrospinal

Question 57

Reticulospinal—

Answer 57

important for somatic motor control and autonomic function control (reticular nuclei, pons, and medulla) (reticular formation (diffuse brain stem nuclei); coordinate locomotion, mediate autonomic).

Question 58

Olivospinal (

Answer 58

inferior olive—motor learning).

Question 59

Vestibulospinal (

Answer 59

vestibular nuclei—control limb extensors, head and neck (gaze)) mediates vestibular end organ and cerebellum upon extensive muscle tone and balance

Question 60

Tectospinal

Answer 60

(superior colliculus—coordinate neck, head, and eye movements).

Question 61

Travel from premotor area of frontal lobe (and other areas) to pons. ■ Decussate in pons. ■ Continue down opposite side of spinal cord → anterior horn → lower motor neurons → muscles. ■ Right brain controls left lower motor neuron.

Answer 61

extrapyramidal

Question 62

extrapyramidal system

Answer 62

Controls gross motor movement, posture, and balance.