page 330 -339 Flashcards
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https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GcnhCVjVXMFFGUlU
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GX3o3OWpaei1RSW8
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GZUdnT2hwcFhQWmM
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GS0JPOVdmOGdIbzg
Auricle (Pinna)
■ Directs sound waves.
External auditory canal (meatus)
■ Contains hair and cerumen (wax).
■ Serves as resonator and conduit.
middle ear
Tympanic cavity.
■ Air-filled cavity in temporal bone.
Auditory tube: Equalizes pressure.
■ Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes): Transmit sounds from txx to yyy → to zzz→ converting them to
aaa pressure sounds that are able to travel through fluid.
Auditory tube: Equalizes pressure.
■ Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes): Transmit sounds from tympanic
membrane to oval window → to inner ear → converting them to
higher pressure sounds that are able to travel through fluid
Formed by bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth
■ Vestibule (saccule and utricle)
■ Associated with sense of balance and linear acceleration (static position)
inner ear
inner ear
Semicircular canals
■ Concerned with equilibrium and angular momentum.
Cochlea (
two membranes: vestibular and basilar)
Responsible for hearing.
■ Spiral organ (organ of Corti).
■ Receptors (hair cells) for hearing.
■ Basic functional unit of hearing.
■ Transforms fluid vibrations from sound waves (mechanical energy)
into a nerve impulse (electrical energy).
INNER EAR
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWjFyZTRITElnLUU
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GbFlWM0hZZ1NoRmM
Hearing
■ Ability to detect sound.
■ Human hearing range = 20–20,000 Hz.
Pitch
■ Related to the frequency of the sound wave.
■ ↑ frequency = ↑ pitch.
■ Frequency is measures in hertz (Hz) or cycles per second.
Loudness (amplitude)
■ Related to the intensity and the amplitude of the wave.
■ ↑ amplitude = ↑ intensity = ↑ loudness.
■ Intensity is measured in decibels (dB).
Timbre (quality)
■ Related to the presence of additional sound-wave frequencies superimposed
on the principal frequency
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8Ga2I2eGkzcHBmYlk
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GR1NFY3QyRWN2VkE
Direct detection of chemical composition via contact with xxx
cells.
■ Food broken down;yyy molecules bind with protein from zzz.
■ These bound molecules stimulate aaa aaa receptors.
■ von Ebner’s glands secrete bbb bbb
Direct detection of chemical composition via contact with chemoreceptor
cells.
■ Food broken down; taste-producing molecules bind with protein from
Ebner’s glands.
■ These bound molecules stimulate taste bud receptors.
■ von Ebner’s glands secrete lingual lipase.
taste buds
Made of gustatory receptor cells that synapse with sensory nerve fibers.
Fungiform papillae
■ Rounded.
■ Located mostly at the tongue tip of the tongue (which is innervated
by VII).
■ Contain ~5 taste buds.
Vallate papillae (circumvallate)
■ In “V” arrangement on the back of the tongue (which is innervated
by IX). Contain ~100 taste buds.
■ Associated with von Ebner’s glands (as are foliate papillae).
On the mucosa of the epiglottis, palate, and pharynx.
taste buds
TASTE PATHWAY (ALL IPSILATERAL )
Taste bud, receptor cell
↓
xxxxx
↓
Nucleus of the solitary tract (within medulla)
↓
Ipsilateral yyyyy
↓
Insular cortex (to facial area of post-central gyrus). (Note: insular cortex is
where parietal infolds next to temporal.)
TASTE PATHWAY (ALL IPSILATERAL )
Taste bud, receptor cell
↓
CN VII, IX, X
↓
Nucleus of the solitary tract (within medulla)
↓
Ipsilateral VPM of thalamus
↓
Insular cortex (to facial area of post-central gyrus). (Note: insular cortex is
where parietal infolds next to temporal.)
Ageusia:
Complete loss of taste.
Dysgeusia:
Disturbed sense of taste.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GQ2E0dzFDblg4NTg
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWkQ0TWFpc19lSzQ
smell
Detection of inhaled odors.
■ Chemoreceptor cells associated with the olfactory nerve (CN I). Note that
the neuron is a chemoreceptor not separate like taste.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMS0wUklyRmh3R2M
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GYVR2cGdFc2hFU0U
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GYWxELVk1QmlSRms
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUVhWM19xWjczTkk
Anosmia:
Absence of smell.
■ Disease of olfactory mucous membranes (common cold, allergic
rhinitis).
■ Kallman syndrome (hypogonadism, GnRH deficiency
Hyposmia:
Diminished smell.
■ Dysosmia:
Distorted smell.
The largest tissue type in the human body.
■ Converts chemical energy to mechanical energy.
■ Three types:
■ Skeletal
■ Cardiac
■ Smooth
muscle
Sarcolemma:
The plasma membrane of muscle cells.
Sarcoplasm:
■
The cytoplasm of muscle cells.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR):
A network of channels extending throughout
the sarcoplasm that stores Ca2+.
Myofilaments:
Mediate muscle contraction. Located in the sarcoplasm
Thin filaments:
~6–8 nm in diameter.
Actin:
Globular (G) actin is arranged in double helical chains called
fibrous (F) actin.
Troponin:
Attached to each tropomyosin molecule.
Tropomyosin:
Blocks actin-binding sites during rest
Thick filaments
: ~15 nm in diameter.
Light meromyosin (LMM): ■
Makes up the rod-like backbone of
myosin filaments.
Heavy meromyosin (HMM):
Forms the shorter cross-bridges
which bind to actin during contraction.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8Gc3FtZ2lzZ0hucXc
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRjllTlJQdURPX2M
Afferent nerves:■
Sensory receptor → CNS.
Efferent nerves:
CNS → muscle cell.
Cells are long and multinucleated.
■ Nuclei are generally elongated and peripherally located
skel muscles
The major structural unit is the myofibril:
■ Thick filaments (contain myosin).
■ Thin filaments (contain actin, troponin, and tropomyosin).
■ Myosin cross-bridges link the two filaments.
■ The sarcomere is the functional (contractile) unit of the myofibril. Defined
skeletal muscle
The sarcomere is the functional (contractile) unit of the myofibril. Defined
as the area between two Z lines.
skeletalmuscle
Cross-striations of skel. muscles
are apparent due to alternating light and dark banding of
the myofibrils.
Dark band contains myosin. Never changes length.
■ A band:
H band:
Light band that bisects the A band. Shortens during contraction.
Light band containing actin. Shortens during contraction
I band:
xxx: Dark band that bisects the I band. Anchor for actin.
yyy; Dark band that bisects the H band. Anchor for myosin.
Z line: Dark band that bisects the I band. Anchor for actin.
■ M line: Dark band that bisects the H band. Anchor for myosin.
