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nbde biochem > page 330 -339 > Flashcards

page 330 -339 Flashcards

1
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GblBXVlRuQTZkcG8

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GSnBLczFTd2FMa28

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2
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GcnhCVjVXMFFGUlU

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GX3o3OWpaei1RSW8

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3
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GZUdnT2hwcFhQWmM

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GS0JPOVdmOGdIbzg

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4
Q

Auricle (Pinna)

A

■ Directs sound waves.

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5
Q

External auditory canal (meatus)

A

■ Contains hair and cerumen (wax).

■ Serves as resonator and conduit.

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6
Q

middle ear

A

Tympanic cavity.

■ Air-filled cavity in temporal bone.

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7
Q

Auditory tube: Equalizes pressure.

■ Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes): Transmit sounds from txx to yyy → to zzz→ converting them to

aaa pressure sounds that are able to travel through fluid.

A

Auditory tube: Equalizes pressure.

■ Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes): Transmit sounds from tympanic

membrane to oval window → to inner ear → converting them to

higher pressure sounds that are able to travel through fluid

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8
Q

Formed by bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

■ Vestibule (saccule and utricle)

■ Associated with sense of balance and linear acceleration (static position)

A

inner ear

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9
Q

inner ear

A

Semicircular canals

■ Concerned with equilibrium and angular momentum.

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10
Q

Cochlea (

A

two membranes: vestibular and basilar)

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11
Q

Responsible for hearing.

■ Spiral organ (organ of Corti).

■ Receptors (hair cells) for hearing.

■ Basic functional unit of hearing.

■ Transforms fluid vibrations from sound waves (mechanical energy)

into a nerve impulse (electrical energy).

A

INNER EAR

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12
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWjFyZTRITElnLUU

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GbFlWM0hZZ1NoRmM

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13
Q

Hearing

A

■ Ability to detect sound.

■ Human hearing range = 20–20,000 Hz.

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14
Q

Pitch

A

■ Related to the frequency of the sound wave.

■ ↑ frequency = ↑ pitch.

■ Frequency is measures in hertz (Hz) or cycles per second.

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15
Q

Loudness (amplitude)

A

■ Related to the intensity and the amplitude of the wave.

■ ↑ amplitude = ↑ intensity = ↑ loudness.

■ Intensity is measured in decibels (dB).

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16
Q

Timbre (quality)

A

■ Related to the presence of additional sound-wave frequencies superimposed

on the principal frequency

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17
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8Ga2I2eGkzcHBmYlk

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GR1NFY3QyRWN2VkE

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18
Q

Direct detection of chemical composition via contact with xxx

cells.

■ Food broken down;yyy molecules bind with protein from zzz.

■ These bound molecules stimulate aaa aaa receptors.

■ von Ebner’s glands secrete bbb bbb

A

Direct detection of chemical composition via contact with chemoreceptor

cells.

■ Food broken down; taste-producing molecules bind with protein from

Ebner’s glands.

■ These bound molecules stimulate taste bud receptors.

■ von Ebner’s glands secrete lingual lipase.

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19
Q

taste buds

A

Made of gustatory receptor cells that synapse with sensory nerve fibers.

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20
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

■ Rounded.

■ Located mostly at the tongue tip of the tongue (which is innervated

by VII).

■ Contain ~5 taste buds.

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21
Q

Vallate papillae (circumvallate)

A

■ In “V” arrangement on the back of the tongue (which is innervated

by IX). Contain ~100 taste buds.

■ Associated with von Ebner’s glands (as are foliate papillae).

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22
Q

On the mucosa of the epiglottis, palate, and pharynx.

A

taste buds

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23
Q

TASTE PATHWAY (ALL IPSILATERAL )

Taste bud, receptor cell

↓

xxxxx

↓

Nucleus of the solitary tract (within medulla)

↓

Ipsilateral yyyyy

↓

Insular cortex (to facial area of post-central gyrus). (Note: insular cortex is

where parietal infolds next to temporal.)

A

TASTE PATHWAY (ALL IPSILATERAL )

Taste bud, receptor cell

↓

CN VII, IX, X

↓

Nucleus of the solitary tract (within medulla)

↓

Ipsilateral VPM of thalamus

↓

Insular cortex (to facial area of post-central gyrus). (Note: insular cortex is

where parietal infolds next to temporal.)

24
Q

Ageusia:

A

Complete loss of taste.

25
Q

Dysgeusia:

A

Disturbed sense of taste.

26
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GQ2E0dzFDblg4NTg

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GWkQ0TWFpc19lSzQ

27
Q

smell

A

Detection of inhaled odors.

■ Chemoreceptor cells associated with the olfactory nerve (CN I). Note that

the neuron is a chemoreceptor not separate like taste.

28
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GMS0wUklyRmh3R2M

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GYVR2cGdFc2hFU0U

29
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GYWxELVk1QmlSRms

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GUVhWM19xWjczTkk

30
Q

Anosmia:

A

Absence of smell.

■ Disease of olfactory mucous membranes (common cold, allergic

rhinitis).

■ Kallman syndrome (hypogonadism, GnRH deficiency

31
Q

Hyposmia:

A

Diminished smell.

32
Q

■ Dysosmia:

A

Distorted smell.

33
Q

The largest tissue type in the human body.

■ Converts chemical energy to mechanical energy.

■ Three types:

■ Skeletal

■ Cardiac

■ Smooth

A

muscle

34
Q

Sarcolemma:

A

The plasma membrane of muscle cells.

35
Q

Sarcoplasm:

■

A

The cytoplasm of muscle cells.

36
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR):

A

A network of channels extending throughout

the sarcoplasm that stores Ca2+.

37
Q

Myofilaments:

A

Mediate muscle contraction. Located in the sarcoplasm

38
Q

Thin filaments:

A

~6–8 nm in diameter.

39
Q

Actin:

A

Globular (G) actin is arranged in double helical chains called

fibrous (F) actin.

40
Q

Troponin:

A

Attached to each tropomyosin molecule.

41
Q

Tropomyosin:

A

Blocks actin-binding sites during rest

42
Q

Thick filaments

A

: ~15 nm in diameter.

43
Q

Light meromyosin (LMM): ■

A

Makes up the rod-like backbone of

myosin filaments.

44
Q

Heavy meromyosin (HMM):

A

Forms the shorter cross-bridges

which bind to actin during contraction.

45
Q

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8Gc3FtZ2lzZ0hucXc

A

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8uJUY-tie8GRjllTlJQdURPX2M

46
Q

Afferent nerves:■

A

Sensory receptor → CNS.

47
Q

Efferent nerves:

A

CNS → muscle cell.

48
Q

Cells are long and multinucleated.

■ Nuclei are generally elongated and peripherally located

A

skel muscles

49
Q

The major structural unit is the myofibril:

■ Thick filaments (contain myosin).

■ Thin filaments (contain actin, troponin, and tropomyosin).

■ Myosin cross-bridges link the two filaments.

■ The sarcomere is the functional (contractile) unit of the myofibril. Defined

A

skeletal muscle

50
Q

The sarcomere is the functional (contractile) unit of the myofibril. Defined

as the area between two Z lines.

A

skeletalmuscle

51
Q

Cross-striations of skel. muscles

A

are apparent due to alternating light and dark banding of

the myofibrils.

52
Q

Dark band contains myosin. Never changes length.

A

■ A band:

53
Q

H band:

A

Light band that bisects the A band. Shortens during contraction.

54
Q

Light band containing actin. Shortens during contraction

A

I band:

55
Q

xxx: Dark band that bisects the I band. Anchor for actin.

yyy; Dark band that bisects the H band. Anchor for myosin.

A

Z line: Dark band that bisects the I band. Anchor for actin.

■ M line: Dark band that bisects the H band. Anchor for myosin.

nbde biochem (14 decks)

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