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Y4 Farm - Miscellaneous > Pet pigs > Flashcards

Pet pigs Flashcards

The basics

1
Q

What legal documentation do you need for pet pig keeping?

A
  • Must have a county parish holding (CPH) number from the Rural Payments Agency (RPA)
    Inform Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) that there are pigs on the premises within 30 days of first pig arriving
  • Issued a herd mark
    – 1 or 2 letters followed by 4 digits
  • Pigs must be identifiable, especially if they are being moved
    – tag/tattoo/mark
  • Licence from APHA to walk pig outside of home/premises
    – must be approved by APHA
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2
Q

Equipment for handling

A
  • pig boards
  • gates
  • crushes
  • snare
  • food orientated
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3
Q

Types of restraint

A
  • chemical
  • weight crates
  • towels/blankets/duvets
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4
Q

Points for CE from a distance

A
  • Stand and walk with straight or slight dorsal curve to spine
  • Respiratory pattern
    – even and without effort
  • Abdomen
    – full but not distended
  • Body contour
    – smooth, no lumps or bumps
  • Perineum
    – clean, no discharge
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5
Q

What does excessive hunching of the back indicate?

A
  • lameness or skeletal or abdominal pain
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6
Q

What does a gaunt or tucked up abdomen indicate?

A
  • anorexia
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7
Q

Normal temperature (adult & growing pig)

A
  • Adult 38.0–39.0C
  • Growing pig 39.0–40.0C
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8
Q

Normal resp rate (adult & growing pig)

A
  • Adults 10–20bpm
  • Grower 24–36bpm
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9
Q

Normal heart rate (adult & growing pig)

A
  • Adults 60–90bpm
  • Grower 100–120bpm
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10
Q

Causes of pyrexia

A
  • infectious disease eg Erysipelas
  • Heat Stroke
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11
Q

Causes of hypothermia

A
  • Terminally ill
  • Renal or hepatic failure
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12
Q

Mucus membranes: where are they? colour? crt? peripheral perfusion?)

A
  • Oral (only when sedated) vuvla, ocular
  • Pale pink and moist
  • CRT <2seconds
  • Peripheric perfusion: distal extremity temperature – ears, feet and legs
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13
Q

Causes of colour changes to the mm

A
  • toxaemia
  • cyanosis
  • jaundice
  • anaemia
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14
Q

How can septicaemia appear on the mm?

A
  • petechial haemorrhage
  • +/- injected scleral blood vessels
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15
Q

Points to look for on the skin

A
  • lumps
  • bumps
  • bite marks
  • wounds
  • lice
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16
Q

Causes of jaundice

A
  • post weaning multi systemic syndrome
  • hepatic cirrhosis
  • leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae
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17
Q

CS of mites

A
  • pruritus
  • erythema
  • thickened & crusty ski n
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18
Q

CS of resp dz

A
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • breathing difficulty
  • open mouth breathing
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19
Q

Normal breathing

A
  • quiet breath sounds
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20
Q

Abnormal breathing sounds

A
  • crackles and wheezes
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21
Q

What do increased lung sounds ventrally indicate?

A
  • bronchopneumonia
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22
Q

What do increased lung sounds dorsally indicate?

A
  • pleural effusion
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23
Q

What can cause a pig to open mouth breathe?

A
  • severe pneumonia
  • porcine stress syndrome
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24
Q

How to tell a pig is in resp distress

A
  • exaggerated chest wall movements
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25
Q

Respiratory conditions in pigs

A
  • atrophic rhinitis
  • swine influenza
  • pneumonia
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26
Q

Atrophic rhinitis: causative agent

A
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
  • Pasteurella
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27
Q

Atrophic rhinitis: contagious?

A
  • yes, contagious spread
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28
Q

Atrophic rhinitis: CS

A
  • sneezing
  • bloody nose
  • distortion of nose
  • epistaxis
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29
Q

Atrophic rhinitis: control

A
  • vaccination
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30
Q

Atrophic rhinitis: tx

A
  • AB
  • increase humidity
  • NSAIDs
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31
Q

Swine influenza: zoonotic?

A
  • yes
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32
Q

Swine influenza: spread

A
  • pig to pig contact
  • can be fatal
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33
Q

Swine influenza: control

A
  • biosecurity, esp after shows
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34
Q

Pneumonia: causative agents

A
  • Mycoplasma
  • Pasteurella
  • Actinobacillus (carrier status with no CS)
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35
Q

Pneumonia: CS

A
  • coughing
  • lethargy
  • pyrexia
  • difficulty breathing
  • sudden death
  • chronic lung damage
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36
Q

Pneumonia: tx

A
  • AB
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37
Q

Pneumonia: control

A
  • vaccine available
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38
Q

Normal faecal consistency

A
  • formed & clumped
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39
Q

What do clumped and dark faeces indicate?

A
  • dehydration
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40
Q

What do dark black faeces indicate?

A
  • melena
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41
Q

What do watery faeces indicate?

A
  • infectious enteritis/colitis
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42
Q

What do scant faeces indicate?

A
  • intestinal obstruction
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43
Q

Common GI conditions

A
  • congenital atresia
  • rectal prolapse
  • obstruction
  • entrapment
  • volvulus
  • gastroenteritis
  • E.coli/colibacillosis
  • Salmonella/enterocolitis
  • constipation
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44
Q

What does fluid/gas on ballotment and percussion of the abdomen indicate?

A
  • obstruction
  • entrapment
  • volvulus
  • gastroenteritis
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45
Q

When to tx GI conditions with AB

A
  • d++ at < 1 week old
  • Systemic involvement
  • Severe disease
  • Mortality in the group
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46
Q

Causes of E.Coli d+/Colibacillosis

A
  • Feed and water contamination
  • FPT
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47
Q

Which age group is E.Coli d+/Colibacillosis most common in?

A
  • young pigs
  • neonates
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48
Q

Tx/control for E.Coli d+/Colibacillosis

A
  • Vaccine available for pregnant sows
  • Antibiotics +/= fluids +/- supportive nursing care
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49
Q

Cause of salmonella/enterocolitis

A
  • Samonella typhimurium / choleraesuis
  • Contamination: waste feed, pig to pig spread
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50
Q

Most common age group affected by salmonella/enterocolitis

A
  • weaners most common but can affect any age
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51
Q

CS of salmonella/enterocolitis

A
  • D++ +/- blood +/- mucus
  • Pyrexic, lethargic, signs of sepsis – discolouration of extremities
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52
Q

Tx of salmonella/enterocolitis

A
  • ABs +/- fluids +/- supporting nursing care
  • CARE AS ZOONOTIC
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53
Q

Causes of constipation

A
  • FB
  • reduced water intake
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54
Q

Tx of constipation

A
  • Increase water intake – fruits, flavoured water: must monitor calorie intake
  • Mineral oil/stool softener: not to be force fed in case of aspiration
  • Enemas
  • Imaging needed if FB considered +/- surgery
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55
Q

Male repro exam, incl normal findings

A
  • Palpation of scrotum, testes and epididymis
  • Normal: symmetric scrotum and testis- firm but not hard or nodular
  • Smelly fluid from preputial diverticulum can be normal
56
Q

What does asymmetry/softening on male repro exam indicate?

A
  • testicular degeneration
57
Q

What does purulent/haemorrhagic fluid from the preputial diverticulum indicate?

A
  • infection/abscess
58
Q

Castration - when? why?

A
  • recommend castration before puberty if possible
  • entire boars: can have undesirable behaviour e.g. aggressions, sexual behaviour, territorial marking
59
Q

Puberty in pot bellied pigs

A
  • can be as early as 3 months
60
Q

Surgery considerations for Vietnamese potbellied & NZ Kunekunes

A
  • smaller
  • brachycephalic
  • more susceptible to inguinal hernias (potbellied)
  • fatter
  • reduced airway size
  • testicular palpation can be difficult
61
Q

Laws/legislation regarding pet pig drug use

A
  • Pet pigs are still considered to be food producing animals –
  • European Commission (EU) 37/2010 regulations detailing drugs use in food producing species apply
62
Q

Sedation/anaesthetic protocol - fasting

A
  • adults: 6-12h
  • piglets: 1-3h
  • water available
63
Q

Sedation/anaesthetic protocol

A
  • Sedate IM

Protocol 1
- 5mg/kg ketamine
- 0.1-0.2mg/kg butorphanol
- 1 – 3mg/kg xylazine

Protocol 2
- 5 – 10 mg/kg ketamine
- 0.1 – 0.2mg/kg butorphanol
- 50 - 100μg/kg detomidine

Top Ups – ketamine or alpha-2 agonist (xylazine/detomidine)

64
Q

Giving injections in pigs

A
  • IM
  • Base of the ear
  • 90 degrees to skin
  • Long needle – 1’1/2” 16/18g
  • Extension line with air after
65
Q

Anaesthesia

A
  • IV access: marginal ear veins
  • Avoid central auricular vessels: arteries for drugs
  • Monitor HR/RR/non-invasive blood pressure/temperature
66
Q

Anaesthesia complications

A
  • airway obstruction
  • malignant hyperthermia
  • delayed recovery – can not use reversal agents
67
Q

Early castration - timing and technique

A
  • Early castration 10 -14 days
  • Local anaesthetic and manual restraint
  • Incision over testis in cranioventral scrotum: pull out of scrotum but leave inside vaginal tunic
  • Pull or torse testis until separated
  • Leave incision open
68
Q

Later castration - timing, pre-op drugs, NSAIDs

A
  • 4 – 6 months old- more common
  • Lateral recumbency under injectable anaesthesia
  • Lidocaine toxicity – 5mg/kg
  • NSAIDs
    – Meloxicam 0.4mg/kg IM
    – Ketoprofen 3mg/kg IM
69
Q

Surgical castration technique

A
  • 4 -6cm incision: ventral aspect of scrotum
  • Testis remain in vaginal tunic
  • Strip away fat and soft tissue surrounding spermatic cord using a swab
  • Check for inguinal hernia
  • Tunic and cord twisted continuously until all is tightly compressed to level of external inguinal ring – to push up any herniated abdominal contents back into abdomen
  • Cord clamped with emasculator or clamp to make a crush bed
  • Transfixing ligature in absorbable material tightened around vaginal tunic and spermatic cord
  • Emasculator or clamp distally to ligature and place circumferential ligature, and cut cord with scalpel
  • Release clamp and assess stump for bleeding
  • Skin closure not routine in the field
  • Clean dry bedding
70
Q

AB usage for surgical castrations

A
  • amoxicillin
  • ampicillin
  • penicillin
71
Q

Female repro system exam

A
  • examine for symmetry, swelling and abnormal discharge
72
Q

When can haematomas and cellulitis in females be seen?

A
  • after farrowing
73
Q

Signs of abortion/dystocia in females

A
  • haemorrhagic, purulent or necrotic vaginal discharge in pregnant sows
74
Q

What can abnormal discharge after farrowing indicate?

A
  • retained placenta
  • metritis
  • retained foetus
75
Q

How and when to induce farrowing

A
  • PGF2α and oxytocin
  • Oxytocin: decreases dispersions between births – all piglets born in a 3 hour period
  • PGF2α to increase uterus contractility
  • Give at Day 111-112 PGF2α, then 20-24 hours later oxytocin – labour should begin in 3 hours
76
Q

Investigating the urinary system

A
  • urinalysis
  • US/radiography
  • CE
    – dysuria
    – stranguria
    – pollakiuria
77
Q

Common urinary diseases and their causes

A

Glomerulonephritis – immunologic, thrombotic, toxic mechanisms

Bladder stones

Embolic nephritis - Actinobacillus suis, Streptococcus suis, streptococci, staphylococci, E.coli, Erysipelothrix rhusopatuae, T.pyogenes

Intersticial nephritis – Leptospirosis and PCV2 infection

Urethral obstruction – urolithiasis common

Worms - Stephanurus dentatus – nematode, eggs shed in urine; infective larvae enter pig when swallowed or by skin penetration.

78
Q

Cystitis/urolithiasis - CS

A
  • Frequent urination, straining to urinate
79
Q

Cystitis/urolithiasis - tx & prevention

A
  • Antibiotics for cystitis
  • Vaccination for Lepto: ZOONOTIC
  • Stones – emergency! – imaging – cystocentseis, removing stones surgically or medically, catheter/stent
80
Q

Chronic Kidney Failure (CKF) - which animals is it more common in?

A
  • older animals
81
Q

CKF - CS

A
  • lethargy
  • inappetant
  • ammonia smelling breath
82
Q

CKF - diagnosis

A
  • blood work
  • urine tests
83
Q

CKF - tx

A
  • symptomatically
84
Q

MSK - CE

A
  • Limbs: examine for swelling, erosions and bleeding
  • Feet: examine for erosion or damage to the hoof
  • If any response to pinching the claw: abscess, infection or trauma
  • Coronary band – if inflammation or vesicles -> irritants or viral vesicular diseases
85
Q

Which pigs is septic arthritis most common in?

A
  • commercial pigs
86
Q

Which pigs is osteoarthritis most common in?

A
  • older pet pigs
87
Q

What is lameness associated with?

A
  • Closely associated with floor conditions
  • Associated with trauma and bone
    fractures, infections (arthritis, abscesses, tendonitis, osteomyelitis), overgrown feet, heels/claws and wear conformation,
    osteochondrosis/osteoarthropathy (most important)
88
Q

Risk factors for MSK dz

A
  • Poor mothering, poor milk supply, poor colostral antibody protection and agalactia
  • Skin lesions (carpal joints)
  • Foot lesions associated with very poor flooring
  • Bad hygiene, poor management, no all-in all-out system, improper cleaning
89
Q

What type of arthritis is most common in young pigs?

A
  • purulent arthritis
90
Q

Lameness assessment & tx

A
  • Non weight bearing +/- vocalisation
  • Minor injuries – sprains, ligament damage
    Sedation
  • Imaging
  • NSAIDs and rest
91
Q

Where are fractures most commonly found?

A
  • limbs
  • spine
92
Q

Fracture assessment & tx

A
  • Imaging
  • NSAIDS
  • Referral: can use pins, plates and screws in pigs for repair – signalment and weight dependent
93
Q

Arthritis: potential CS, tx

A
  • +/- swelling
  • +/- bacterial component – infectious
  • Ageing/Joint stress – weight related
  • NSAID +/- Antibiotics
  • Dieting if required
  • Nursing care – soft walking surfaces/deep bedding – pain management
  • If severe – euthanasia
94
Q

Tetanus - where can they get it? how severe is it? prevention?

A
  • Clostridium tetani
  • Vaccination available
  • Give tetanus antitoxin and antibiotics after any procedure if not covered
  • Puncture wounds, bites etc
  • Sudden and fatal infection
95
Q

Feet pairing - how to?

A
  • Managed with sheep foot shear, light cattle toe clipper and rasp
96
Q

Tusk pairing - how to? how often?

A
  • Sedation
  • Tusks are hysodont: constant state of growth
  • Trim once or twice a year
  • Embryotomy wire, motor driven cutting disks, dental drills
  • Trim 1cm from gingiva
97
Q

CS of neurological dz

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Depression
  • Lack of coordination/ataxia
  • Abnormal sitting/dog sitting/posture changes
  • Head tilt
  • Abnormal gait
  • Circling
  • Abnormal eye movement
  • Seizures
98
Q

CNS conditions in pigs

A
  • bacterial meningitis
  • heat stress
  • salt poisoning
99
Q

Causative agents of bacterial meningitis

A
  • strep
  • salmonella
  • e.coli
100
Q

Which age is bacterial meningitis more common in?

A
  • younger pigs
101
Q

Can bacterial meningitis zoonotic?

A
  • yes
102
Q

Bacterial meningitis tx

A
  • antibiotics +/- fluid therapy +/- NSAIDs
103
Q

Do pigs sweat?

A
  • no
104
Q

Causes of heat stress

A
  • overheating in hot & humid conditions
105
Q

Good or poor prognosis: temperature low before cooling for a pig with heat stress

A
  • grave prognosis
106
Q

Heat stress CS

A
  • depression
  • inactive
  • unresponsive
107
Q

Heat stress tx

A
  • cool slowly, wet towels, cool fluids
  • nursing care if needed, monitor feed and water intake
108
Q

Heat stress prevention

A
  • wallowing holes
  • shade
109
Q

Salt poisoning - causes

A
  • no water for extended hours then sudden water consumption
  • high volumes of high salt feed (less common)
110
Q

Salt poisoning - CS

A
  • seizures
  • walking aimlessly
  • blindness
  • abnormal sitting
111
Q

Salt poisoning - tx

A
  • gradual rehydration
  • reduce brain swelling
112
Q

Skin conditions in pigs

A
  • dry skin
  • mange
  • sunburn
  • erysipelas
113
Q

Dry skin - tx

A
  • moistening lotions incl. aloe vera
  • supplement feed with oils (but monitor calorie intake)
  • allow for a wallowing hole
  • remove any large flakes with a wet towel
114
Q

Dry skin diagnosis

A
  • rule out other differentials 1st
115
Q

What causes mange?

A
  • sarcoptic mites
116
Q

Mange - CS

A
  • itching
  • scratching
  • open sores
  • licking
117
Q

Mange - tx/control

A
  • anthelmintic, may need a 2nd injection
    – avermectin
  • change bedding and disinfect
118
Q

Sunburn - CS

A
  • weakness
  • paralysis in hindlimbs
  • pain
119
Q

Sunburn - prevention & tx

A
  • suncream
  • wallowing
  • shelter
  • NSAIDs
120
Q

Erysipelas CS

A
  • diamond skin disease
  • +/- arthritis
121
Q

Erysipelas tx

A
  • penicillin
122
Q

Is erysipelas zoonotic?

A
  • yes
123
Q

Vaccinations - how often?

A
  • annual
  • or 6 monthly
124
Q

Which pet pigs do we recommend to be vaccinated?

A
  • all ages
  • usually breeding gilts & sows
125
Q

What do/can we vaccinate pet pigs for?

A
  • erysipelas
  • parvovirus
  • piglet enteritis/e.coli
  • (PMWS & PCV-2 in commercial units, rarely used in pets)
126
Q

Erysipelas vaccination course

A
  • initial course of 2 injections
  • followed by 6 monthly booster
127
Q

Does the erysipelas vaccination protect against the lameness associated with the disease?

A
  • no
128
Q

Why might you vaccinate for parvovirus?

A
  • if concerned over small litter numbers and mummified foetuses
129
Q

When and who to vaccinate for parvovirus?

A
  • vaccinate before gilt is 1st bred
130
Q

When and who to vaccinate for piglet enteritis/e.coli?

A
  • vaccinate dam 3-6w before farrowing
131
Q

How often to do worm egg counts?

A
  • 4-6 monthly
132
Q

Which wormers to use?

A
  • ivermectin (also covers mange)
  • benzimidazoles
133
Q

Euthanasia

A
  • IM sedation
  • place catheter in ear vein
  • IV barbiturates
134
Q

Euthanasia if the ear vein is not an option

A
  • lateral saphenous vein over the hock
  • medial saphenous vein on the inside of the thigh
  • cephalic vein
  • jugular
  • may require US guidance
135
Q

Why is the base of the ear the best place for IM injections?

A
  • there is too much fat elsewhere on a pig
    -> the needle may not get through and the drug would be metabolised by fat

Y4 Farm - Miscellaneous (21 decks)

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