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Y4 Farm - Miscellaneous > Backyard poultry > Flashcards

Backyard poultry Flashcards

The basics

1
Q

Normal hr

A
  • 220-360bpm
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2
Q

Normal resp rate

A
  • 12-37brpm
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3
Q

Normal temp

A
  • 40-42C
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4
Q

Points of interest for CE

A
  • nasal/ocular discharge
  • eyes should be bright and clear
  • no ulcers or mucosal lesions in the mouth/tongue
  • crop filling and consistency
  • lumps/bumps
  • covering on breast bone
  • abdomen: free fluid, pain, masses
  • wings: able to extend and move
  • legs: trauma/mites
  • feet: swelling/ulcers
  • feather and plumage: loss/parasites
  • vent: scour
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5
Q

Generic CS of dz

A
  • depression or other behaviour changes
  • changes in food and water consumption
  • dull feathers
  • soiling of the feathers around nares, vent, shoulders, or eyes
  • swelling around or discharge around the eyes
  • discharge from the eyes or nares
  • abnormal faeces
  • favouring or lameness in limbs
  • decrease in activity
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6
Q

Notifiable diseases

A
  • avian influenza
  • Newcastle disease
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7
Q

What subtypes of avian influenza are important in birds?

A
  • H5
  • H7
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8
Q

Is avian influenza high or low pathogenicity?

A
  • can be either
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9
Q

Avian influenza CS

A
  • swollen head
  • blue discolouration of neck and throat
  • loss of appetite
  • resp distress
  • d+
  • reduced egg production
  • increased mortality
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10
Q

What virus is Newcastle dz?

A
  • paramyxovirus
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11
Q

Severity of Newcastle dz

A
  • acute
  • high mortality
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12
Q

Newcastle dz CS

A
  • sneezing
  • nasal discharge
  • coughing
  • greenish, watery d+
  • depression
  • muscular tremors
  • drooping wings
  • complete paralysis
  • swelling of the tissues around the eyes and in the neck
  • sudden death
  • increased death loss in a flock
  • in laying birds there can be partial to complete drop in egg production, and production of thin-shelled eggs
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13
Q

Newcastle dz transmission

A
  • birds droppings
  • nasal, mouth and eye secretions
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14
Q

What environments can Newcastle dz virus survive in?

A
  • warm and humid environments
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15
Q

APHA registration

A
  • any bird (ANY no. of birds, even 1) must be registered
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16
Q

Why blood sample?

A
  • PCV
  • TP
  • WBCc
  • biochem
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17
Q

Where to blood sample?

A
  • brachial wing vein
    (- medial metatarsal vein
  • jugular vein)
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18
Q

How much blood can be taken?

A
  • 1-2% of body weight
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19
Q

Risk with blood sampling

A
  • haematomas form easily
    – need to apply pressure
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20
Q

Forms/routes of fluid therapy

A
  • SC
  • oral
  • IV catheter
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21
Q

When to use SC fluid therapy

A
  • mild dehydration
  • for maintenance fluids
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22
Q

Volume for SC fluid therapy

A
  • 3-5ml/100g
  • 5-10ml/site
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23
Q

SC fluid therapy sites

A
  • axilla/lateral flank areas
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24
Q

When to use oral fluid therapy

A
  • mild dehydration
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25
Q

Volume for oral fluid therapy

A
  • 3-5ml/100g
  • 5-10ml/site
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26
Q

When to not use oral fluids

A
  • GI stasis
  • lateral recumbency
  • seizuring
  • head trauma
  • shock
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27
Q

Oral rehydration solution to use for oral fluid therapy

A
  • 5% dextrose solution
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28
Q

Sites for IVFT

A
  • right jugular vein
  • medial metatarsal vein
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29
Q

Catheter type for IVFT

A
  • butterfly catheter
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30
Q

How to do IVFT

A
  • blue 10ml/kg over 5-10mins and repeat q3h for 12h, then every 8h, then BID
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31
Q

Benefit of IVFT

A
  • rapidly expands circulatory volume
  • perfuses kidneys
  • good for shock pts
  • severe dehydration
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32
Q

Common causes of wounds

A
  • cannibalism/bullying
  • trauma
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33
Q

Cannibalism/bulling prevention & tx

A
  • always ensure sufficient space and feed
  • provide environmental enrichment
  • separate injured birds if possible
  • spray with topical antiseptic spray after cleaning, ensure area is not red, coloured spray is best
  • NSAIDs
  • +/- ABs
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34
Q

Trauma tx

A
  • prevent bacterial sepsis with ABs
  • NSAIDs
  • Supportive therapy
    – warmth/heat lamp
    – hydration with electrolytes
    – tube feeding
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35
Q

Reproductive conditions

A
  • egg binding/oviduct impaction
  • egg peritonitis
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36
Q

Which birds are most affected by egg binding?

A
  • pullets
  • obese/early production
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37
Q

What is egg binding?

A
  • obstruction of the oviduct
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38
Q

Egg binding diagnosis

A
  • abdominal palpation
  • US
  • radiograph
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39
Q

Egg binding tx

A
  • external reduction of the egg and natural passing
    – wrap in a warm towel and massage or place in a warm bath
    – use lots of lube
  • surgical remove of the oviduct
    – salpingohysterectomy
  • calcium given IM and orally
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40
Q

Is egg peritonitis common?

A
  • yes, very
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41
Q

What bacteria causes egg peritonitis?

A
  • e.coli
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42
Q

What is salpingitis?

A
  • inflammation of the fallopian tubes, caused by bacterial infection
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43
Q

What is egg peritonitis?

A
  • ascending infection from the cloaca
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44
Q

Stress factors for egg peritonitis

A
  • social & environmental
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45
Q

Infectious factors for egg peritonitis

A
  • parasites
  • mycoplasma
  • infectious bronchitis
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46
Q

Which birds are more susceptible to egg peritonitis?

A
  • older birds / large egg laying birds
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47
Q

Causes of d+

A
  • Upset in gut flora
  • Anorexia
  • Parasites
  • Bacterial scour secondary to infectious disease
  • Poor hygiene
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48
Q

Foot pad infection/bumble foot/pododermatitis: definition/cause

A
  • bacterial infection causing swelling
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49
Q

Foot pad infection/bumble foot/pododermatitis: tx

A
  • soak foot in dilute hibi
  • surgery to remove callus
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50
Q

Fracture tx

A
  • external fixation +/- intramedullary positive profile pins
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51
Q

How can Mareks dz cause lameness? How can this present?

A
  • tumours on the sciatic nerve -> paralysis
  • one leg positioned forwards, one positioned backwards
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52
Q

Bacteria causing septic joints

A
  • staph aureus
  • e.coli
  • pasteurella
  • salmonella
  • mycoplasma
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53
Q

Septic joint CS

A
  • 1 or multiple joints enlarged and warm
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54
Q

Why x-ray a septic joint?

A
  • to assess osteomyelitis
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55
Q

How much water do poultry require?

A
  • 1.5-3.5 parts water for every 1 part of feed consumed
  • up to 5-6 times for waterfowl
56
Q

Water consumption limitation factors

A
  • salts
  • dietary fibre content
  • ambient temperature
  • medications
  • disease state
57
Q

Nutritional issues

A
  • insufficient water quality or amount
  • vitamin d3
  • urolithiasis/gout
58
Q

Signs of vitamin d3 deficiency

A

Skeletal abnormalities including
- beading of the ribs, scoliosis, soft and pliable bones, keel,
and beak, and rickets
- lack of hydroxyapatite crystallization at the growth plate in long bones such as the tibia, femur, or humerus

59
Q

Urolithiasis cause/definition

A
  • blockage of ureter with urates
60
Q

Gout cause/definition

A
  • renal damage and high blood uric acid levels
  • urate deposit in kidneys/joints/serosa surfaces
61
Q

Causes of weight gain

A
  • nutritional
  • abdominal fluid (i.e. ascites)
  • tumour
62
Q

Nutritional causes of weight gain

A
  • overfeeding high proteins
  • maize corn
63
Q

Why does feeding maize corn cause weight gain?

A
  • it is high in starch and oil
64
Q

Why does overfeeding high proteins cause a problem?

A
  • causes increased egg size -> increased risk of vent prolapses/peritonitis
65
Q

When does moulting occur?

A
  • once a year late summer - winter
66
Q

What should you give pet chickens when moulting begins?

A
  • multivitamins
67
Q

Cause of stunted feather growth

A
  • vitamin deficiency
68
Q

Mites found in pet poultry

A
  • Northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum)
  • Red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae)
  • Burrowing mites (Cnemidocoptes spp)
69
Q

Where are northern fowl mites commonly found?

A
  • around the vent, tail and breast
70
Q

Appearance of Northern fowl mites

A
  • small
  • reddish-brown flecks
71
Q

When do red mites feed?

A
  • only at night
72
Q

CS of red mites

A
  • feather loss
  • irritation
  • anaemia
73
Q

Lice found in pet poultry

A
  • yellow body louse (Menacanthus stramineus)
74
Q

CS of Cnemidocoptes spp

A
  • feather loss
  • excessive scaliness
75
Q

Parasites in pet poultry

A
  • mites
  • lice
  • trichomonosis
  • ticks
  • threadworm/ crop capillariasis
  • histomoniasis
  • round and tape worm
  • coccidia
76
Q

CS of trichomonosis

A
  • canker and fluid accumulation if crop affected
  • inability to swallow
  • open mouth breathing
  • small white/yellow lesions of necrosis in oral cavity
77
Q

Prevention & tx of trichomonosis

A
  • clean feed and water areas
  • ABs
78
Q

CS of ticks

A
  • anaemia
  • paralysis
79
Q

Are ticks commonly seen on affected birds?

A
  • no
80
Q

CS of threadworm infection / crop capillariasis

A
  • open mouth breathing
  • trichomonosis like lesions
81
Q

Diagnosis of threadworm infection / crop capillariasis

A
  • FEC
82
Q

Problem with threadworm infection / crop capillariasis

A
  • eggs very resistant in the environment
83
Q

Tx of round and tapeworms

A
  • flubendazole
84
Q

Most common CS seen with round and tapeworms

A
  • weight loss
85
Q

Diagnosis of round and tapeworms

A
  • FEC
86
Q

Which species does histomoniasis mainly affect?

A
  • turkeys
87
Q

CS / PM findings of histomoniasis

A
  • scour (sulphur yellow appearance)
  • multiple necrotising target like liver lesions
  • typhilitis (severe ulceration and/or necrotic cecal cores
88
Q

Prevention of histomoniasis

A
  • don’t raise turkeys, grouse, quails with chickens
89
Q

Which age group are most commonly affected by coccidia?

A
  • young
90
Q

CS of coccidia

A
  • scour with blood present
  • decreased egg production
  • malaise
  • enteritis
  • ill-thrift
  • death
91
Q

What is histomoniasis?

A
  • protozoal infection
  • also known as blackhead disease
  • cause by Histomonas meleagridis
92
Q

PM findings of coccidia

A
  • thickened +/- dilatation of intestinal tract
  • haemorrhagic intestinal/caecal contents/caseous cores
93
Q

What kind of disease is Mareks disease?

A
  • lymph proliferative and neuropathic disease
  • cell associated herpesvirus
  • immunosuppressive
94
Q

What is the acute form of Mareks disease?

A
  • tumours of viscera, muscle, skin, peripheral nerves
  • multifocal lymphoma
95
Q

What is the classic form of Mareks disease?

A
  • paralysis of legs and wings and sometimes neck (torticollis)
  • lymphoid infiltration of peripheral nerves
96
Q

Non-specific CS of Marek’s disease?

A
  • loss of BCS
  • immunosuppressions
97
Q

What eye change is associated with Marek’s disease?

A
  • brown to grey colour change
  • decrease PLR if dz is in the eye
98
Q

Is there a vaccine available for Marek’s disease?

A
  • yes for commercial flocks
99
Q

Ages affected by Marek’s disease?

A
  • 8-20wks
100
Q

How is Marek’s disease spread?

A
  • spread in feather dust
  • easily transmissible
101
Q

Bacterial diseases affecting pet poultry

A
  • e.coli
  • mycoplasma (/chronic respiratory disease)
  • salmonella
  • pasteurella
102
Q

Spp of salmonella affecting pet poultry

A
  • S, Pullorum
  • S. Gallinarium
  • S Typhimurium
  • S Enteritidis
  • S Heidelberg
  • S Kentucky
103
Q

CS. of e.coli infection

A

Colisepticaemia
– affecting multiple body systems
– polyserositis

Chicks
– <1 week old
– yolk sac infection
– omphalitis/mushy chick disease
– abnormal discolouration of yolk sac, non absorbed, bad small

Airsacculitis
– secondary to viral, mycoplasma or environmental (dust+/-ammonia)

Egg peritonitis
– egg yolk coelomitis, salpingitis, impaction

Cellulitis

Coligranuloma

104
Q

Are mycoplasma infections common?

A
  • yes
105
Q

Mycoplasma spp causing chronic respiratory dz

A
  • M. gallisepticum
106
Q

Mycoplasma spp causing infectious synovitis

A
  • M. synoviae
107
Q

Mycoplasma spp causing venereal infection and airsacculitis

A
  • M. meleagridis
108
Q

Other name for pasteurella

A
  • fowl cholera
109
Q

CS of pasteurella

A
  • death
  • swollen eyes, ears, wattles
  • septicaemia (fibrin in multiple body cavities)
110
Q

CS / PM findings of aspergillosis

A
  • open mouth breathing
  • yellow seed like granules of granulomatous inflammation in lungs
111
Q

Ringworm pathogen

A
  • microsporum gallinae
112
Q

CS of ringworm

A
  • small white chalky comb deposits
113
Q

What are the multifactorial components of respiratory disease?

A
  • Infectious: viral, bacterial, mycoplasma, fungal
  • AI, ND, Infectious laryngotrachetic, infectious bronchitis virus, Pasteurella multocida, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Aspergillosis
  • Non-infectious: dust, ammonia
  • Environmental and host factors
  • Primary viral or mycoplasma associated respiratory disease can predispose to secondary bacterial infection
114
Q

Infectious laryngotracheitis - what type of virus?

A
  • acute herpes virus
115
Q

Infectious laryngotracheitis - CS

A
  • severe dyspnoea/gasping
  • blood stained mucus
  • death
116
Q

Diagnosis of infectious laryngotracheitis

A
  • histopathology
117
Q

Problem with infectious laryngotracheitis

A
  • asymptomatic carriers
118
Q

Infectious coryza - what is it?

A
  • acute, highly contagious bacterial disease
  • URT dz
119
Q

CS of infectious coryza

A
  • Severe nasal discharge
  • sinusitis
  • facial oedema
  • drop in egg production
120
Q

Diagnosis of infectious coryza

A
  • bacteriology
121
Q

Diagnosis of mycoplasma

A
  • serology/PCR
122
Q

Infectious bronchitis - what is it?

A
  • acute, highly contagious virus
123
Q

Infectious bronchitis - morbidity & mortality

A
  • high morbidity
  • low mortality
124
Q

CS of infectious bronchitis

A
  • decreased egg production and quality
  • renal damage
125
Q

Diagnosis and control of infectious bronchitis

A
  • vaccination of commercial flocks
  • RT-PCR
126
Q

Chick diseases

A
  • yolk sac infection
  • poor environment
  • fractures
  • mild lameness
  • d+
  • poor thrive of incubated chicks
127
Q

Why can poor environment cause disease in chicks?

A
  • poor egg and incubator hygiene
  • prolonged egg storage before incubation
  • disease from adult birds e.g. mycoplasma, worm burdens
128
Q

Cause of yolk sac infection (if death within 24h, if over 24h)

A
  • dirty eggs in incubators if death within 24h/o
  • environmental infection if over 24h/o
129
Q

Potential cause of mild lameness in chicks

A
  • vitamin d deficiency
130
Q

Cause of d+ in chicks

A
  • coccidia
131
Q

Prevention of poor thriving of incubated eggs

A
  • warm area
  • soft bedding
  • 33C ambient temp
  • space to move away from heat lamp
  • max temp under lamb 42C
132
Q

Non-infectious neoplasia

A
  • sporadic
  • adenocarcinomas
  • PM diagnosis with histopath
133
Q

Infectious neoplasia

A
  • Marek’s dz
134
Q

Why does crop stasis / sour crop occur?

A
  • failure to empty crop of feed -> fermentation + yeast and bacterial infections
135
Q

Causes of crop stasis / sour crop

A
  • overfeeding
  • poor hygiene
  • viral infections
  • FB
  • thickening of the crop wall (dilation of the crop, decreased BCS)
136
Q

Tx of crop stasis / sour crop

A
  • Local anaesthetic and drain to empty crop, flush with saline
  • Antibiotics and antifungals
  • Correct dehydration
  • Nursing care
  • Surgery may be required if can not be manually broken down

Y4 Farm - Miscellaneous (21 decks)

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