Pesticides Flashcards
What is the Egyptian Book of the Dead?
early source of information about pest control techniques
Ancient examples of pesticide usage (2)
Theophrastus- Di Plantis (mid-fifteenth century)
Virgil’s Georgics (70-19 BC)
What is Robigalia? (2)
Festival honoring Robigus, numen of wheat rust
dogs were sacrificed
Who wrote Geoponika, and what it is about?
Cassianus Bassus- 950 AD
pest control technique compilation from 200 BC to 200 AD
What is described in Geoponika? (5)
botanical extracts
elemental sulfur
rubbing trees with lizard gall
nailing toads to barn doors
bare breasted virgins dancing around the garden hedge for caterpillars to fall
How can silos kill pests?
grain in silos accumulate carbon dioxide
What is companion planting?
intercropping certain plants to repel insects
ex- rhubarb and comfrey with fruit trees
Examples of pesticides used (6)
tobacco- nicotine
pyrethrum- Persian power (1807 Armenia, 1885 US)
Copperas Crystaks
Permanganate
Daisy fly
DDT
What is DDT, when was is synthesized, and by whom?
Chlorinated-hydrocarbon
1874
Zeidler
Examples of Synthetic organic insecticides (3)
chlorinated hydrocarbons
carbamates
organophosphates
What inorganic pesticides were synthesized in 1886?
Paris Green
Hydrocyanic acid
What inorganic insecticide was synthesized in 1892?
lead arsenate
What is the Morrill land Grant Act, and when was it created?
1862
land grant for agricultural and industrial colleges
When was HCN first used ass a fumigant?
1886
When was insect resistance to HCN discovered?
1908
When was DDT insecticide properties first discovered?
1939
When did DDT resistance in fruit flies first discovered?
1951
When was Bacillus thuringiensis first used as an insecticide?
1960
when was Silent Spring published>
1962
When were pheromones registered for insect control?
1963
When was the Environmental Protection Agency first created?
1970
When was DDT banned?
1971
When did transgenic crops come out?
1996
What are 5 problems of synthetic organic insecticides?
biomagnification
secondary pests
resurgence
cross-resistance
multiple resistance
Why does biomagnification affect insecticides?
accumulation up a food chain
What is the issue with secondary pests?
pests are created because natural enemies are eliminated by pesticides
What is resurgence?
increase in pest numbers after pesticide use
What is cross-resistance?
resistance to chemical pesticide due to shared mechanisms
What is multiple resistance
Ability to withstand different chemicals due to different resistance mechanisms
What did DDt lead to? (2)
bioaccumulation
decline in avian predators due to DDT interference
How does DDT affect avian predators? (3)
interferes with calcium metabolism
eggshell-thinning
juvenile mortality
Who is Rachel Carson, and what did she write?
US fish and wildlife service marine biologist
wrote Silent Spring and the Sea Around Us
What did the environmental movement argue? (2)
environment, cancer, and pesticide fusion remain today
carcinogenic potential is the prime risk of pesticide use
What did the pesticide usage lead to?
Environmental movement
What did the National Cancer Institute argue about pesticides? (2)
exposure to hazards are unlikely to affect cancer rates
no one dies of cancer caused by pesticides
What carcinogens are currently regulated?
synthetic
Who is Robert Van Den Bosch, what did he write, and what did he come up with? (3)
against pesticide use
Wrote the Pesticide Conspiracy
came up with “pesticide treadmill” and “pesticide mafia”
What is integrated pest management?
Selection, integration and implementation of pest control based on predicted ecological, economic and sociological consequences.
four pesticide alternatives
biological control
microbial insecticides like Bacillus thuringiensis
pheremones
cultural control
What are least toxic pesticides, and what is it made of?
pesticides that have minimal nontarget effects
chemicals of natural and synthetic origin
Examples of insect growth regulators
pyriproxifen- growth regulator
methoprene
dyflybenzuron- chitin-synthesis inhibitor
What do insect growth regulators do?
mimics insect hormones like juvenile hormones (metamorphosis)
How can genetically engineered plants provide insecticidal effects?
transfer of insecticidal proteins from non-plant sources into crop plants
What is a concern of transgenic corn pollen with Bt endotoxin?
it can negatively affect non-target lepidopterans
three reasons of opposition of GMO plants
human health
environmental impact
globalization of trade and agriculture
