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Entomology > Pesticides > Flashcards

Pesticides Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Egyptian Book of the Dead?

A

early source of information about pest control techniques

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2
Q

Ancient examples of pesticide usage (2)

A

Theophrastus- Di Plantis (mid-fifteenth century)

Virgil’s Georgics (70-19 BC)

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3
Q

What is Robigalia? (2)

A

Festival honoring Robigus, numen of wheat rust

dogs were sacrificed

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4
Q

Who wrote Geoponika, and what it is about?

A

Cassianus Bassus- 950 AD

pest control technique compilation from 200 BC to 200 AD

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5
Q

What is described in Geoponika? (5)

A

botanical extracts

elemental sulfur

rubbing trees with lizard gall

nailing toads to barn doors

bare breasted virgins dancing around the garden hedge for caterpillars to fall

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6
Q

How can silos kill pests?

A

grain in silos accumulate carbon dioxide

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7
Q

What is companion planting?

A

intercropping certain plants to repel insects

ex- rhubarb and comfrey with fruit trees

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8
Q

Examples of pesticides used (6)

A

tobacco- nicotine

pyrethrum- Persian power (1807 Armenia, 1885 US)

Copperas Crystaks

Permanganate

Daisy fly

DDT

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9
Q

What is DDT, when was is synthesized, and by whom?

A

Chlorinated-hydrocarbon

1874

Zeidler

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10
Q

Examples of Synthetic organic insecticides (3)

A

chlorinated hydrocarbons

carbamates

organophosphates

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11
Q

What inorganic pesticides were synthesized in 1886?

A

Paris Green

Hydrocyanic acid

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12
Q

What inorganic insecticide was synthesized in 1892?

A

lead arsenate

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13
Q

What is the Morrill land Grant Act, and when was it created?

A

1862

land grant for agricultural and industrial colleges

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14
Q

When was HCN first used ass a fumigant?

A

1886

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15
Q

When was insect resistance to HCN discovered?

A

1908

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16
Q

When was DDT insecticide properties first discovered?

A

1939

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17
Q

When did DDT resistance in fruit flies first discovered?

A

1951

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18
Q

When was Bacillus thuringiensis first used as an insecticide?

A

1960

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19
Q

when was Silent Spring published>

A

1962

20
Q

When were pheromones registered for insect control?

A

1963

21
Q

When was the Environmental Protection Agency first created?

A

1970

22
Q

When was DDT banned?

A

1971

23
Q

When did transgenic crops come out?

A

1996

24
Q

What are 5 problems of synthetic organic insecticides?

A

biomagnification

secondary pests

resurgence

cross-resistance

multiple resistance

25
Q

Why does biomagnification affect insecticides?

A

accumulation up a food chain

26
Q

What is the issue with secondary pests?

A

pests are created because natural enemies are eliminated by pesticides

27
Q

What is resurgence?

A

increase in pest numbers after pesticide use

28
Q

What is cross-resistance?

A

resistance to chemical pesticide due to shared mechanisms

29
Q

What is multiple resistance

A

Ability to withstand different chemicals due to different resistance mechanisms

30
Q

What did DDt lead to? (2)

A

bioaccumulation

decline in avian predators due to DDT interference

31
Q

How does DDT affect avian predators? (3)

A

interferes with calcium metabolism

eggshell-thinning

juvenile mortality

32
Q

Who is Rachel Carson, and what did she write?

A

US fish and wildlife service marine biologist

wrote Silent Spring and the Sea Around Us

33
Q

What did the environmental movement argue? (2)

A

environment, cancer, and pesticide fusion remain today

carcinogenic potential is the prime risk of pesticide use

34
Q

What did the pesticide usage lead to?

A

Environmental movement

35
Q

What did the National Cancer Institute argue about pesticides? (2)

A

exposure to hazards are unlikely to affect cancer rates

no one dies of cancer caused by pesticides

36
Q

What carcinogens are currently regulated?

A

synthetic

37
Q

Who is Robert Van Den Bosch, what did he write, and what did he come up with? (3)

A

against pesticide use

Wrote the Pesticide Conspiracy

came up with “pesticide treadmill” and “pesticide mafia”

38
Q

What is integrated pest management?

A

Selection, integration and implementation of pest control based on predicted ecological, economic and sociological consequences.

39
Q

four pesticide alternatives

A

biological control

microbial insecticides like Bacillus thuringiensis

pheremones

cultural control

40
Q

What are least toxic pesticides, and what is it made of?

A

pesticides that have minimal nontarget effects

chemicals of natural and synthetic origin

41
Q

Examples of insect growth regulators

A

pyriproxifen- growth regulator

methoprene

dyflybenzuron- chitin-synthesis inhibitor

42
Q

What do insect growth regulators do?

A

mimics insect hormones like juvenile hormones (metamorphosis)

43
Q

How can genetically engineered plants provide insecticidal effects?

A

transfer of insecticidal proteins from non-plant sources into crop plants

44
Q

What is a concern of transgenic corn pollen with Bt endotoxin?

A

it can negatively affect non-target lepidopterans

45
Q

three reasons of opposition of GMO plants

A

human health

environmental impact

globalization of trade and agriculture

Entomology (16 decks)

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